Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues
Example : indonesia have many provinces, in this example i will talk about palembang and sekayu. One day there is sekayunese ride motorcyle, there is palembangnese tell to him, your left lamp ( lampu sen kiri hidup) turn on, whereas his traffic lane in middle it show to go straight, but sekayunese give palembangnese money (sen=uang dalam bahasa sekayu)
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently. There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and already more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Conclusion : so language universal it depend of people who dominant to use that language.
REFERENCES Seabead.2012.What is Language Diversity?. Avaible on : http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:44 pm Angloswede.2012. What is universal language?. Avaible on : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:57 pm
Distinguishes between language diversity and language universal!
extension.org (2008): The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
answers.ask.com (2012): Diversity simply means different. Language diversity means having many different languages spoken in the same place. Peru in South America has is linguistically diverse because the population there speaks Spanish, English and several different Indian dialects.
In other words, wikipedia.org (2012): Language Universal may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence.
So, the differences between language diversity and language universal is, if language diversity, there are many different languages that are mastered by many people (group) or individuals in a community, and it can be a bridge for building relationship, and not all people in the wider world know the language. In the other hand, language universal when there is one language that is spoken and understood by all or most of the world’s population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. But, until now, there no language universal in the world. For example English, it is not language universal now, because many people still do not understand about the language. And Arabic is also not a language universal, because the language is only mastered by Arab and some moeslems in the word. A language can be called as language universal if the language is mastered by all people.
REFFERENCES
extension.org. 2008 : The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 11th February 2012. answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 11th February 2012. wikipedia.org. 2012. Universal language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on 11th February 2012.
1. Language Diversity Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim, Reishaan(2004) To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language. Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. Mya Kagan, the word diversity refers to something that is diverse, meaning that it has lots of different kinds or types. For example, you could have a box of candies with lots of diversity, meaning there are many different kinds of treats, like sour gummies, hard lemon-drops, licorice, and lollipops. Diversity is used broadly to refer to many demographic variables, including, but not limited to, race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, age, education, geographic origin, and skill characteristics. America's diversity has given this country its unique strength, resilience.In the context of CMU, diversity is defined as: • The range of differences among people in the CMU community • An attitude that recognizes the value and contributions of all members of our community • A commitment to respect and to provide equitable treatment for members of our community. Why is inclusiveness and respecting diversity important? • Diversity helps us learn about ourselves. Through learning about others, we learn about ourselves, our limited perceptions, and the possibilities present to us. • Inclusiveness helps us build trust by promoting understanding and breaking down prejudice. A community can only be strong and healthy when built upon trust. • Through active participation in a diverse community, we can develop our interpersonal skills, allowing us to grow as leaders who can take advantage of opportunities in our work and personal lives. Active participation in diversity also equips us with new ways of solving problems and helps us to focus on our similarities rather than our differences. It helps us think outside of the box. 2. Language Universals One of Chomsky's basic contributions in the linguistic development since1950's is the focus on the nature of linguistic universals. Linguistic diversity since then has been replaced by a new research paradigm in which hold a central place. Crystal (Ibid) believes that the nation of universals is very significant not only because it deepens the way people understand language in its own right, but because it provides an essential first step towards the task of understanding human intellect capacity in general. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations: 1.Cognitive explanations, 2.functional explanations, 3.pragmatic explanations, 4.and non-viable explanation
References Kagan, Mya. What is Diversiyt.Available on: http://www.whyzz.com/what-is-diversity. Accessed on. 10 February 2012 lsadc.orgSeabeadAnswerExpert.What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity.Accessed on 10 February 2012 Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim, Reishaan(2004). Psycholinguistic Study Language Diversity and Language Universals: .Available on:http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. Accessed on 10 February 2012
Answer.com (2012) Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
Extension (2012) The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups.
REFERENCES: Answer.com (2012). What is universal language?. Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language#ixzz1mEULVJry. Accessed on: 13 February 2012.
Extension (2012). The language of diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. accessed on: 13 February 2012.
Language universal Dictionary.com (1965) A trait or property of language that exists, or has the potential to exist, in all languages. Answer.com (2012) Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently. For example : in indonesia, indonesian language is as language universal because it is used by most of everyone of indonesia. Language diversity Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati ( Ph. D.).2 004 To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them. For example : there are so many languages in the world. Sometime, the grammatical is same among languages but the meaning is different. It can be identify the speaker who use the language. diversity between indonesialanguage and english language: Siswa itu membeli buku The student buy the book.
References Dictionary.com.. 1965. language universal. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/language+universal. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012 Answer.com. 2012. Language universal. Available on:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012 Bayati, wiaa’m. 2004. language diversity anf language universal. Available on:http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012
Nama : Resti. R. NIM : 09250051 Task : 6 Reference.com.(2012). Language Diversity is The Recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds.
Reference.com.2012.What is language diversity. available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity accessed on: February, 11th 2012
Reference.Com.(2012).Language Diversity is also known as linguistic diversity, and it is the term used to cover all of the many languages that are currently known to man.
Reference.Com.2012.What is the definition of language diversity. Available On: http://ask.reference.com/related/what+is+the+definition+of+language+diversity??o=102305&qsrc=121&l=dir Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Answer.Com.(2012). Language Diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Answer.Com.2012. What is the definition of language diversity? Available On: http://wiki.answers.com/q/what_is_the_definition_of_language_diversity#ixzz1m3atftn7 Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia.Com.(2012). a Linguistic Universal is a Pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. for example, all languages have nouns and verbs, or if a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels
Wikipedia.Com.2012. Definition Linguistic Universal. Available On: Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Linguistic_Universal Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia.Com.(2012). Chomsky distinguishes between two types of language universals: 1. Absolute (Opposite: Statistical, Often Called Tendencies) And 2. Implicational (Opposite Non-Implicational). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns. An Implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as if a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number.
Wikipedia.Com.2012.Linguistic universal Available On: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Al- Bayati, Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha & Reishaan, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim.(2004). The approaches to language diversity and the features that differentiate languages on the one hand, and language universals and what seem to be common features among all or most languages could be thought to be superficially contradictory but in fact they are complementary and not contradictory. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations: 1.Cognitive explanations, 2.functional explanations, 3.pragmatic explanations, 4.and non-viable explanation.
Al- Bayati, Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha & Reishaan, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim. 2004. Language Diversity and Language Universals. Available On: http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia (2010), Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. and then, Answers.com (2012), Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Reference : Answers.com (2012), What is the definition of language diversity? Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_definition_of_language_diversity#ixzz1mEWynFeJ : Accessed on 13 February 2012 Wikipedia(2010),Universal language, Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language : Accessed on 13 February 2012
Language Diversity According to extension.org (2012) , language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences.
Furthermore, answer.com (2010) said that Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Then in other hand, Reishaan (2004) expalain that to prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language.
Language Universal In Alistair Boddy’s opinion (2012) , Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common.
In Answer.com (2012) said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
So in my opinion, Language diversity is the ability to speak more than one language, and than Language universal is the language that can be understand by many people although it is not all over a world know that language. Ok, I will give you the example: Language Diversity : Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Palembang, Bahasa Jawa, Bahasa Melayu and so on that include in Indonesia’s language. Language Universal : English language because many countries use it.
Reference: Answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm Accessed on 13 February 2012
Extension.org. 2008 . . The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Reishaan.2004. . What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012
NAME : MUJI LESTARI NIM : 09 25 0038 LENGUAGE DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL LANGUAGE DIVERSITY Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. Linguistic diversity then becomes the crucial datum for cognitive science: we are the only species with a communication system which is fundamentally variable at all levels. Recognising the true extent of structural diversity in human language opens up exciting new research directions for cognitive scientists, offering thousands of different natural experiments given by different languages, with new opportunities for dialogue with biological paradigms concerned with change and diversity, and confronting us with the extraordinary plasticity of the highest human skills. The crucial fact for understanding the place of language in human cognition is its diversity. For example, languages may have less than a dozen distinctive sounds, or they may have twelve dozen, and sign languages do not use sounds at all. Languages may or may not have derivational morphology (to make words from other words, e.g. run > runner), or inflectional morphology for an obligatory set of syntactically consequential choices (e.g. plural the girls are vs. singular the girl is). Diversity has some dimention as follow, Sound inventories, Syllables and the “CV” universal, Morphology, Syntax and word-classes, Semantics. LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL Linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels. Linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. Linguists distinguish between two kinds of universals: • Absolute (opposite: statistical, often called tendencies). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns.. • Implicational (opposite non-implicational) An implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as If a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number, while non-implicational universals just state the existence (or non-existence) of one particular feature. REFFERENCES Wikipedia.2012.Linguistic Universal.available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accesed on 20 January 2012. Evans,Nicholas.2009. The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its Importance for Cognitive Science.Australia:cambridge university press. http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity
Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance because a majority of all living languages are threatened in their continued existence. How they can be sustained is a matter of study and debate. Changes in the vitality of a language has important implications for individuals and societies. Multilingualism is a common and increasing phenomenon in present day society which can be studied from different perspectives. The purpose of the position paper is to focus on language as a cultural asset and to establish the relationship between linguistic diversity and human welfare from an economic perspective.
Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language,and nor is any other language in the world.It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.]
reference; Alberini A. Riganti, P. and A. Longo (2003) “Can People Value the Aesthetic and Use Services of Urban Sites? Evidence from a Survey of Belfast Residents”, Journal of Cultural Economics, Volume 27(3-4). Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm Accessed on 13 February 2012
Nim : 09250049 Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity. For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation. Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE -http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity -Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951. -http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U -http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal! Linguistic diversity has also been noted by modern linguists at different levels of analysis. Oral and written media of human language include, in a way or another, great divergences in the use of different sounds and letters at the levels of phonetics and graphics respectively among languages all over the world. Besides, the combinations of these sets of symbols vary from one language to another, thus resulting in different phonologies and graphologies respectively again. Consequently, large units of syllables and words, for instance, vary in their turn stimulating to a bad need of different morphologies to account for them accurately. Then, coming at the level of grammar, one cannot deny the various grammars that attempt to describe different languages. Finally, it goes without saying that the conventional association between words or linguistic units with whatever they mean represent a great variety among languages and dialects as well (Foss and Hakes, 1978,Gleason and Ratner, l993). Aitchison (1999) argues that Chomsky renewed people's interest in language universals and widened the scope of responsibility of the linguist. Thus, a linguist shouldn't concentrate so much only on finding out components which are common to all languages, but also on discovering the bounds and constraints within which language operates. Therefore, instead of talking about structures or constructions of individual languages only, a linguist should account for his language or languages in terms of rules and constraints common to human beings in general. This contribution is also important because it lets linguistics lend itself to a new approach which is generativism which springs from a new trend of approaching human mind called mentalism (Lyons, 1980). Generativism is part of the means whereby the linguist can give a generative account of the way language works and of its relation to a general theory of grammar called Universal grammar (Robins, 1980). the studies of language diversity or language similarities and differences and language universality or the oneness of language appeared to be the east-and-west sides of linguistics. Each seems to have its own procedures and activities. But when going through into the topic, the researchers have found that the two are going around each other in a DNA-like way in genealogy. In the very core of the study of similarities and differences among languages, there is the notion of language universality and language universals. The former proves positively or negatively the existence of the latter. Comparative philology, comparative historical linguistics, genetic and typological classifications of language work with the aim of proving similarities among languages of the world. Even the different efforts of linguists in descriptivism might not go beyond divergences at a certain linguistic level that other schools of linguistics, like generativism, proved to be a simpler concrete one. What represents a language diversity for the transformational-generativist at a surface level could not be so at some deeper level or at still some more profound level. This gives rise to the probability of considering most of the formal differences among languages as superficial divergences of surface structure that might converge at some deeper structure or at the level of principles or constraints. -Aitchison, J. (1999) Teach yourself linguistics. London: Hodder Headline Plc. Gleason, J. B. and N. B. Ratner (1993) Psycholinguistics. Fortworth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers. -Lyons, J. (1981) Language and linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. -Robins, R. H. (1979) A Short History of Linguistics. London: Longman Group Ltd. -Robins, R. H. (1980) General Linguistics: An Introductory purvey. London: Longman. http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html
Distinguish between Language Diversity and Language Universal.
Language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them.
Goal: Languages as we have described them so far are the product of three main components: (i) the fixed principles of Universal Grammar (ii) the parameters (or 'switches') of Universal Grammar, and (iii) the vocabulary, e.g. the fact that a certain furry creature is called a 'cat' rather than a 'tac' (this component is arbitrary and does not follow from Universal Grammar)
Language universality or the oneness of language is not newly studied. Indeed, it has deep roots that stretch for the earlier attempts of studying language. Generally, the following remarks have been recorded: 1) Aristotle presented the concept that thought is one for all mankind and that language as the tool of thinking and the words of that language that express this thought should be one for all men, as well (Dinneen, 1967: 177). 2) It was Boethius who introduced the problem of universals as a topic for debate during the medieval Europe and refers to the semantic status of words and terms used to make general propositions. The problem, Linguistically speaking, concerns the nature of meaning to be assigned to common universal terms, it was presented within the frame of logic (Ibid; Robins, 1979:86). 3) Even the search for proto- language and the Divine Source of language could be justified in terms of the search for the one language of the universe. 4) Contemporary ideas about the nature of linguistic universals have several antecedents in the work of the seventeenth century's thinkers (Robins, 1979: 124). Port-Royal Grammar, which is ascribed to Cloud Lancelot and Antarie Arnold, represents another earlier attempt to show "what is common to all languages" (Crystal, 1987: 84).
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations: 1.Cognitive explanations, 2.functional explanations, 3.pragmatic explanations, 4.and non-viable explanation.
Distinguish between Language Diversity and Language Universal.
Language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them.
Goal: Languages as we have described them so far are the product of three main components: (i) the fixed principles of Universal Grammar (ii) the parameters (or 'switches') of Universal Grammar, and (iii) the vocabulary, e.g. the fact that a certain furry creature is called a 'cat' rather than a 'tac' (this component is arbitrary and does not follow from Universal Grammar)
Language universality or the oneness of language is not newly studied. Indeed, it has deep roots that stretch for the earlier attempts of studying language. Generally, the following remarks have been recorded: 1) Aristotle presented the concept that thought is one for all mankind and that language as the tool of thinking and the words of that language that express this thought should be one for all men, as well (Dinneen, 1967: 177). 2) It was Boethius who introduced the problem of universals as a topic for debate during the medieval Europe and refers to the semantic status of words and terms used to make general propositions. The problem, Linguistically speaking, concerns the nature of meaning to be assigned to common universal terms, it was presented within the frame of logic (Ibid; Robins, 1979:86). 3) Even the search for proto- language and the Divine Source of language could be justified in terms of the search for the one language of the universe. 4) Contemporary ideas about the nature of linguistic universals have several antecedents in the work of the seventeenth century's thinkers (Robins, 1979: 124). Port-Royal Grammar, which is ascribed to Cloud Lancelot and Antarie Arnold, represents another earlier attempt to show "what is common to all languages" (Crystal, 1987: 84).
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations: 1.Cognitive explanations, 2.functional explanations, 3.pragmatic explanations, 4.and non-viable explanation.
Nim : 09250049 Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity. For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation. Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE -http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity -Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951. -http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U -http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Nim : 09250049 Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity. For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation. Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE -http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity -Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951. -http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U -http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Language Diversity According to extension.org (2012) , language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences.
Furthermore, answer.com (2010) said that Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Then in other hand, Reishaan (2004) expalain that to prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language.
Language Universal In Alistair Boddy’s opinion (2012) , Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common.
In Answer.com (2012) said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
So in my opinion, Language diversity is the ability to speak more than one language, and than Language universal is the language that can be understand by many people although it is not all over a world know that language. Ok, I will give you the example: Language Diversity : Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Palembang, Bahasa Jawa, Bahasa Melayu and so on that include in Indonesia’s language. Language Universal : English language because many countries use it.
Reference: Answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm Accessed on 13 February 2012
Extension.org. 2008 . . The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Reishaan.2004. . What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012 13 February 2012 04:09
Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance because a majority of all living languages are threatened in their continued existence. How they can be sustained is a matter of study and debate. Changes in the vitality of a language has important implications for individuals and societies. Multilingualism is a common and increasing phenomenon in present day society which can be studied from different perspectives. The purpose of the position paper is to focus on language as a cultural asset and to establish the relationship between linguistic diversity and human welfare from an economic perspective.
Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language,and nor is any other language in the world.It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.]
reference; Alberini A. Riganti, P. and A. Longo (2003) “Can People Value the Aesthetic and Use Services of Urban Sites? Evidence from a Survey of Belfast Residents”, Journal of Cultural Economics, Volume 27(3-4). Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm Accessed on 13 February 2012
Language Diversity Differences among Languages We are all aware that different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar. In Welsh, the usual order is for the verb to come first, followed by the subject, followed in turn by the object: prynodd y myfyriwr y llyfr bought the student the book The student bought the book. A few languages have the order object-verb-subject, exactly the opposite to English, e.g. Hixkaryana, spoken by some 400 people on a tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil: toto yahosIye kamara man grabbed jaguar The jaguar grabbed the man. These differences would surely be soon noticed by anyone involved to any depth with the languages in question. But there are other differences in grammar between languages that are much more subtle. Let us take the English sentence I saw you, and came here. The first part of the sentence (before the 'and') is a complete sentence in its own right—the subject of the verb 'saw' is overt, appearing as the word 'I'. But the second part of the sentence is not complete in itself; its subject is missing. However, as speakers of English we have no hesitation in interpreting the second part to mean 'I came here', and not to mean 'you came here', although there is no logical reason, other than the requirements of English grammar, that this second interpretation should be excluded. Language Universals A language universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels. Research in this area of linguistics is closely tied to the study of linguistic typology, and intends to reveal generalizations across languages, likely tied to cognition, perception, or other abilities of the mind. The field was largely pioneered by the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who derived a set of forty-five basic universals, mostly dealing with syntax (see the list), from a study of some thirty languages. Linguistic universals in syntax are sometimes held up as evidence for universal grammar (although epistemological arguments are more common). Other explanations for linguistic universals have been proposed, for example, that linguistic universals tend to be properties of language that aid communication. If a language were to lack one of these properties, it has been argued, it would probably soon evolve into a language having that property. REFERENCE Bernard Comrie http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues,many languages use differences in the order of elements to carry differences in meaning. language diversity or the study of similarities and differences among languages and language universality or the study of language universals and what is common to all languages. It has a quick narrow lane through the amazing complexity of the study of language in a form of a historical rapid survey associated with related discussions and comments. The goal of the study is to show whether these two types are contradictory, as it seems at the first sight, or omplementary. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati ( Ph. D.) & Abdul -Hussein Kadhim Reishaan (M. A. )
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language
Diversity language and Language universal Language diversity Diversity language is using different language or different form of the sentence in the same concept. The differences are can be because of vocabulary, grammar, dialect and etc. (Seabead .Linguistic Society for America. Reference.com.2012) We can compare : English: red pen Indonesian: pena merah Palembang language : tedok Java language : turu Eventhough they are different in structure and vocab, but they have same meaning. Language diversity and language universal. Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide it means that all of people in this world can use that language well. Up to now there is no language universal, yet. Even though English is international language, not all of people in this world can use it fluency. But English is the most widely spoken language in the world. (Adamlance.answer.com.2012)
References : Seabead .(LSA)reference.com.2012.available on:http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm.access on 14 february 2012. Adamlance.answer.com.2012.available on:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language.access on 14 february 2012.
Nim : 09250049 Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity. For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation. Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE -http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity -Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951. -http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U -http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Reference.com (2012), Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues.
Language universal
Wikipedia (2012), a linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.
Wikipedia (2012 ), Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence.
References:
Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity?. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Linguistic Universal. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Universal Language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
Language diversity
Language diversity is Language provides a mean for communication among and between individuals and groups.
Ex : money
Sekayu people said that money is sen but palembang people said that money is duit. This is the language diversity between sekayu and palembang.
linguistic universal
A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels.
Ex :
Sekayu people said that money is sen but palembang people said that money is duit, and indonesian laguage said that money is uang. Although different sound but same meaning it is a money.
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal is how to mention words and sound.
Refrences
Extension. 2008. The Language of Diversity. available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Universal Language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
Language Diversity To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them. How many languages are there in the world? A question raises but seems to have no exact answer. Among linguists, the total number of the spoken languages tends to vary. According to Crystal (1987: 284),
We can ask questions like: How much longer does it take a child to master 144 distinctive sounds versus 11? How do listeners actually parse a free word order language? How do speakers plan the encoding of visual stimuli if the semantic resources of the language make quite different distinctions? How do listeners break up the giant inflected words of a polysynthetic language? In Bininj Gun-wok (Evans 2003a), for instance, the single word abanyawoihwarrgahmarneganjginjeng can represent what, in English, would constitute an entire sentence: “I cooked the wrong meat for them again.” These resources offered by diversity have scarcely been exploited in systematic ways by the scientific community: We have a comparative psychology across species, but not a proper comparative psychology inside our own species in the central questions that drive cognitive science.
Language Universals Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations: 1.Cognitive explanations, 2.functional explanations, 3.pragmatic explanations, 4.and non-viable explanation.
Types of Language Universals Absolute vs. tendencies Chomsky distinguishes between two types of language universals: absolute and relative universals or tendencies. An absolute universal is a property which all languages of the world share without any exception while a relative universal represents a general tendency in language, but one which has some exceptions (Radford, 1981: 28-9).
At first, the studies of language diversity or language similarities and differences and language universality or the oneness of language appeared to be the east-and-west sides of linguistics. Each seems to have its own procedures and activities. Finally, Chomsky's and the universalists' contribution in this regard is that they reshuffles the ancient as well as the modern linguistic cards: behind the linguistic research there is a thread of psycholinguistic principles and innate abilities that might explain the various phenomena studied by theories of language origin, language change and language description. Psychological innate abilities could enable man to fulfill his psychological, social and other needs . The approaches to language diversity and the features that differentiate languages on the one hand, and language universals and what seem to be common features among all or most languages could be thought to be superficially contradictory but in fact they are complementary and not contradictory.
Reference:
Behavioral and brain science. 2009. The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Available on: http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/se367/readings/evans-levinson-09bbs_myth-of-language-universals.pdf. accesed on february 13, 2012
Prof. Dr. Abdul-Hussein Kadhim Reishaan. 2004. Language Diversity and Language Universals: A Psycholinguistic Study. Available on: http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. accesed on February 13, 2012
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently. There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and alreadt more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Extension.org. 2008. The Language of Diversi. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on: 14 February 2012.
Angloswede. 2012. What is universal language. Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. Accessed on: 10 February 2012.
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
A. The Language of Diversity - Answers.reference.com. (2012): Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. - Extension.org. (2008): The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
B. Language Universal If languages can differ from one another in these ways, one might ask: Are there any restrictions on the ways in which they can differ from one another? Are there some general properties that are common to all human languages? There are. For instance, many languages use differences in the order of elements to carry differences in meaning. In English, one difference between the statement The green parrot can speak Hixkaryana and the question Can the green parrot speak Hixkaryana? is a difference in the order of elements of this kind, more specifically inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb. But no language is known to relate sentences by inverting the order of sentences of indefinite length (so that the question would appear as Hixkaryana speak can parrot green the?). Linguists believe that such a relation would violate constraints on humans' linguistic ability. In other words, while languages can be astonishingly different from one another—and this is why it is important for linguists to study languages of as many different types as possible—there are nonetheless features that unite all languages as different manifestations of the human language ability. Linguists distinguish between two kinds of universals: absolute (opposite: statistical, often called tendencies) and implicational (opposite non-implicational). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns. An implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as If a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number, while non-implicational universals just state the existence (or non-existence) of one particular feature.
REFERENCES: Answers.reference.com. 2012. Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Extension.org. 2008. The Language of Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Linguistic Society of America by Comrie, Bernard. Language University. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2013. Linguistic Universal. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accesses on: 15th February 2012.
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar. Language Universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages. In other words they describe what the world's languages have in common. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
References: Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Divercity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: February 15, 2012 Comrie, Bernard. Tt. Language Divercity. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cf. Accessed on: February 15, 2012 Boddy-Evans, Alistair. 2012. Language Universal. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar. Language Universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages. In other words they describe what the world's languages have in common. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
References: Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Divercity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: February 15, 2012 Comrie, Bernard. Tt. Language Divercity. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cf. Accessed on: February 15, 2012 Boddy-Evans, Alistair. 2012. Language Universal. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
TASK 6: 13 FEB 2012 Muhammad Yusuf Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal! 10250037
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently. There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and already more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Conclusion : so language universal it depend of people who dominant to use that language.
Example : in indonesia
sekayu padang palembang indonesia Sen piti duet uang Diversity language universal language
REFERENCES Seabead.2012.What is Language Diversity?. Avaible on : http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:44 pm Angloswede.2012. What is universal language?. Avaible on : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:57 pm
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
ReplyDeleteLanguage diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues
Example : indonesia have many provinces, in this example i will talk about palembang and sekayu. One day there is sekayunese ride motorcyle, there is palembangnese tell to him, your left lamp ( lampu sen kiri hidup) turn on, whereas his traffic lane in middle it show to go straight, but sekayunese give palembangnese money (sen=uang dalam bahasa sekayu)
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and already more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Conclusion : so language universal it depend of people who dominant to use that language.
REFERENCES
Seabead.2012.What is Language Diversity?. Avaible on : http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:44 pm
Angloswede.2012. What is universal language?. Avaible on : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:57 pm
Distinguishes between language diversity and language universal!
ReplyDeleteextension.org (2008): The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
answers.ask.com (2012): Diversity simply means different. Language diversity means having many different languages spoken in the same place. Peru in South America has is linguistically diverse because the population there speaks Spanish, English and several different Indian dialects.
In other words, wikipedia.org (2012): Language Universal may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence.
So, the differences between language diversity and language universal is, if language diversity, there are many different languages that are mastered by many people (group) or individuals in a community, and it can be a bridge for building relationship, and not all people in the wider world know the language. In the other hand, language universal when there is one language that is spoken and understood by all or most of the world’s population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. But, until now, there no language universal in the world. For example English, it is not language universal now, because many people still do not understand about the language. And Arabic is also not a language universal, because the language is only mastered by Arab and some moeslems in the word. A language can be called as language universal if the language is mastered by all people.
REFFERENCES
extension.org. 2008 : The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 11th February 2012.
answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 11th February 2012.
wikipedia.org. 2012. Universal language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on 11th February 2012.
1. Language Diversity
ReplyDeleteWiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim, Reishaan(2004) To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language.
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues.
Mya Kagan, the word diversity refers to something that is diverse, meaning that it has lots of different kinds or types. For example, you could have a box of candies with lots of diversity, meaning there are many different kinds of treats, like sour gummies, hard lemon-drops, licorice, and lollipops. Diversity is used broadly to refer to many demographic variables, including, but not limited to, race, religion, color, gender, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, age, education, geographic origin, and skill characteristics. America's diversity has given this country its unique strength, resilience.In the context of CMU, diversity is defined as:
• The range of differences among people in the CMU community
• An attitude that recognizes the value and contributions of all members of our community
• A commitment to respect and to provide equitable treatment for members of our community.
Why is inclusiveness and respecting diversity important?
• Diversity helps us learn about ourselves. Through learning about others, we learn about ourselves, our limited perceptions, and the possibilities present to us.
• Inclusiveness helps us build trust by promoting understanding and breaking down prejudice. A community can only be strong and healthy when built upon trust.
• Through active participation in a diverse community, we can develop our interpersonal skills, allowing us to grow as leaders who can take advantage of opportunities in our work and personal lives.
Active participation in diversity also equips us with new ways of solving problems and helps us to focus on our similarities rather than our differences. It helps us think outside of the box. 2. Language Universals
One of Chomsky's basic contributions in the linguistic development since1950's is the focus on the nature of linguistic universals. Linguistic diversity since then has been replaced by a new research paradigm in which hold a central place.
Crystal (Ibid) believes that the nation of universals is very significant not only because it deepens the way people understand language in its own right, but because it provides an essential first step towards the task of understanding human intellect capacity in general.
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations:
1.Cognitive explanations,
2.functional explanations,
3.pragmatic explanations,
4.and non-viable explanation
References
Kagan, Mya. What is Diversiyt.Available on: http://www.whyzz.com/what-is-diversity. Accessed on. 10 February 2012
lsadc.orgSeabeadAnswerExpert.What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity.Accessed on 10 February 2012
Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim, Reishaan(2004).
Psycholinguistic Study Language Diversity and Language Universals: .Available on:http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. Accessed on 10 February 2012
Answer.com (2012) Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
ReplyDeleteIt is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
Extension (2012) The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups.
REFERENCES:
Answer.com (2012). What is universal language?. Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language#ixzz1mEULVJry. Accessed on: 13 February 2012.
Extension (2012). The language of diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. accessed on: 13 February 2012.
Language universal
ReplyDeleteDictionary.com (1965)
A trait or property of language that exists, or has the potential to exist, in all languages.
Answer.com (2012)
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
For example : in indonesia, indonesian language is as language universal because it is used by most of everyone of indonesia.
Language diversity
Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati ( Ph. D.).2 004
To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them.
For example : there are so many languages in the world. Sometime, the grammatical is same among languages but the meaning is different. It can be identify the speaker who use the language. diversity between indonesialanguage and english language:
Siswa itu membeli buku
The student buy the book.
References
Dictionary.com.. 1965. language universal. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/language+universal. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012
Answer.com. 2012. Language universal. Available on:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012
Bayati, wiaa’m. 2004. language diversity anf language universal. Available on:http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. Accessed on February, 13rd 2012
Nama : Resti. R.
ReplyDeleteNIM : 09250051
Task : 6
Reference.com.(2012). Language Diversity is The Recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds.
Reference.com.2012.What is language diversity. available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity accessed on: February, 11th 2012
Reference.Com.(2012).Language Diversity is also known as linguistic diversity, and it is the term used to cover all of the many languages that are currently known to man.
Reference.Com.2012.What is the definition of language diversity. Available On: http://ask.reference.com/related/what+is+the+definition+of+language+diversity??o=102305&qsrc=121&l=dir Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Answer.Com.(2012). Language Diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Answer.Com.2012. What is the definition of language diversity? Available On: http://wiki.answers.com/q/what_is_the_definition_of_language_diversity#ixzz1m3atftn7 Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia.Com.(2012). a Linguistic Universal is a Pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. for example, all languages have nouns and verbs, or if a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels
Wikipedia.Com.2012. Definition Linguistic Universal. Available On: Http://En.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Linguistic_Universal Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia.Com.(2012). Chomsky distinguishes between two types of language universals:
1. Absolute (Opposite: Statistical, Often Called Tendencies) And
2. Implicational (Opposite Non-Implicational).
Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns. An Implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as if a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number.
Wikipedia.Com.2012.Linguistic universal Available On: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Al- Bayati, Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha & Reishaan, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim.(2004). The approaches to language diversity and the features that differentiate languages on the one hand, and language universals and what seem to be common features among all or most languages could be thought to be superficially contradictory but in fact they are complementary and not contradictory.
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations:
1.Cognitive explanations,
2.functional explanations,
3.pragmatic explanations,
4.and non-viable explanation.
Al- Bayati, Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha & Reishaan, Abdul -Hussein Kadhim. 2004. Language Diversity and Language Universals. Available On: http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html Accessed On: February, 11th 2012
Wikipedia (2010), Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims.
ReplyDeleteand then,
Answers.com (2012), Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Reference :
Answers.com (2012), What is the definition of language diversity? Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_definition_of_language_diversity#ixzz1mEWynFeJ : Accessed on 13 February 2012
Wikipedia(2010),Universal language, Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language : Accessed on 13 February 2012
Language Diversity
ReplyDeleteAccording to extension.org (2012) , language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences.
Furthermore, answer.com (2010) said that Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Then in other hand, Reishaan (2004) expalain that to prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language.
Language Universal
In Alistair Boddy’s opinion (2012) , Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common.
In Answer.com (2012) said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
So in my opinion, Language diversity is the ability to speak more than one language, and than Language universal is the language that can be understand by many people although it is not all over a world know that language. Ok, I will give you the example:
Language Diversity : Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Palembang, Bahasa Jawa, Bahasa Melayu and so on that include in Indonesia’s language.
Language Universal : English language because many countries use it.
Reference:
Answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm
Accessed on 13 February 2012
Extension.org. 2008 . . The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Reishaan.2004. . What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity.
Accessed on 13th February 2012
NAME : MUJI LESTARI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 09 25 0038
LENGUAGE DIVERSITY AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL
LANGUAGE DIVERSITY
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. Linguistic diversity then becomes the crucial datum for cognitive science: we are the only species with a communication system which is fundamentally variable at all levels. Recognising the true extent of structural diversity in human language opens up exciting new research directions for cognitive scientists, offering thousands of different natural experiments given by different languages, with new opportunities for dialogue with biological paradigms concerned with change and diversity, and confronting us with the extraordinary plasticity of the highest human skills.
The crucial fact for understanding the place of language in human cognition is its diversity. For example, languages may have less than a dozen distinctive sounds, or they may have twelve dozen, and sign languages do not use sounds at all. Languages may or may not have derivational morphology (to make words from other words, e.g. run > runner), or inflectional morphology for an obligatory set of syntactically consequential choices (e.g. plural the girls are vs. singular the girl is).
Diversity has some dimention as follow, Sound inventories, Syllables and the “CV” universal, Morphology, Syntax and word-classes, Semantics.
LANGUAGE UNIVERSAL
Linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels. Linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective.
Linguists distinguish between two kinds of universals:
• Absolute (opposite: statistical, often called tendencies). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns..
• Implicational (opposite non-implicational) An implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as If a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number, while non-implicational universals just state the existence (or non-existence) of one particular feature.
REFFERENCES
Wikipedia.2012.Linguistic Universal.available on:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accesed on 20 January 2012.
Evans,Nicholas.2009. The Myth of Language Universals: Language Diversity and Its
Importance for Cognitive Science.Australia:cambridge university press.
http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity
Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance because
ReplyDeletea majority of all living languages are threatened in their continued existence. How they
can be sustained is a matter of study and debate. Changes in the vitality of a language
has important implications for individuals and societies. Multilingualism is a common
and increasing phenomenon in present day society which can be studied from different
perspectives. The purpose of the position paper is to focus on language as a cultural
asset and to establish the relationship between linguistic diversity and human welfare
from an economic perspective.
Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common
said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language,and nor is any other language in the world.It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.]
reference;
Alberini A. Riganti, P. and A. Longo (2003) “Can People Value the Aesthetic and Use
Services of Urban Sites? Evidence from a Survey of Belfast Residents”, Journal of
Cultural Economics, Volume 27(3-4).
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm
Accessed on 13 February 2012
Nim : 09250049
ReplyDeleteDistinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation.
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE
-http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity
-Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951.
-http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U
-http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
ReplyDeleteLinguistic diversity has also been noted by modern linguists at different levels of analysis. Oral and written media of human language include, in a way or another, great divergences in the use of different sounds and letters at the levels of phonetics and graphics respectively among languages all over the world.
Besides, the combinations of these sets of symbols vary from one language to another, thus resulting in different phonologies and graphologies respectively again. Consequently, large units of syllables and words, for instance, vary in their turn stimulating to a bad need of different morphologies to account for them accurately. Then, coming at the level of grammar, one cannot deny the various grammars that attempt to describe different languages. Finally, it goes without saying that the conventional association between words or linguistic units with whatever they mean represent a great variety among languages and dialects as well (Foss and Hakes, 1978,Gleason and Ratner, l993).
Aitchison (1999) argues that Chomsky renewed people's interest in language universals and widened the scope of responsibility of the linguist. Thus, a linguist shouldn't concentrate so much only on finding out components which are common to all languages, but also on discovering the bounds and constraints within which language operates. Therefore, instead of talking about structures or constructions of individual languages only, a linguist should account for his language or languages in terms of rules and constraints common to human beings in general.
This contribution is also important because it lets linguistics lend itself to a new approach which is generativism which springs from a new trend of approaching human mind called mentalism (Lyons, 1980).
Generativism is part of the means whereby the linguist can give a generative account of the way language works and of its relation to a general theory of grammar called Universal grammar (Robins, 1980).
the studies of language diversity or language similarities and differences and language universality or the oneness of language appeared to be the east-and-west sides of linguistics. Each seems to have its own procedures and activities. But when going through into the topic, the researchers have found that the two are going around each other in a DNA-like way in genealogy.
In the very core of the study of similarities and differences among languages, there is the notion of language universality and language universals. The former proves positively or negatively the existence of the latter. Comparative philology, comparative historical linguistics, genetic and typological classifications of language work with the aim of proving similarities among languages of the world. Even the different efforts of linguists in descriptivism might not go beyond divergences at a certain linguistic level that other schools of linguistics, like generativism, proved to be a simpler concrete one. What represents a language diversity for the transformational-generativist at a surface level could not be so at some deeper level or at still some more profound level. This gives rise to the probability of considering most of the formal differences among languages as superficial divergences of surface structure that might converge at some deeper structure or at the level of principles or constraints.
-Aitchison, J. (1999) Teach yourself linguistics. London: Hodder Headline Plc.
Gleason, J. B. and N. B. Ratner (1993) Psycholinguistics. Fortworth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
-Lyons, J. (1981) Language and linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
-Robins, R. H. (1979) A Short History of Linguistics. London: Longman Group Ltd.
-Robins, R. H. (1980) General Linguistics: An Introductory purvey. London: Longman. http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html
Distinguish between Language Diversity and Language Universal.
ReplyDeleteLanguage diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them.
Goal: Languages as we have described them so far are the product of three main components:
(i) the fixed principles of Universal Grammar
(ii) the parameters (or 'switches') of Universal Grammar, and
(iii) the vocabulary, e.g. the fact that a certain furry creature is called a 'cat' rather than a 'tac' (this component
is arbitrary and does not follow from Universal Grammar)
Language universality or the oneness of language is not newly studied. Indeed, it has deep roots that stretch for the earlier attempts of studying language. Generally, the following remarks have been recorded:
1) Aristotle presented the concept that thought is one for all mankind and that language as the tool of thinking and the words of that language that express this thought should be one for all men, as well (Dinneen, 1967: 177).
2) It was Boethius who introduced the problem of universals as a topic for debate during the medieval Europe and refers to the semantic status of words and terms used to make general propositions. The problem, Linguistically speaking, concerns the nature of meaning to be assigned to common universal terms, it was presented within the frame of logic (Ibid; Robins, 1979:86).
3) Even the search for proto- language and the Divine Source of language could be justified in terms of the search for the one language of the universe.
4) Contemporary ideas about the nature of linguistic universals have several antecedents in the work of the seventeenth century's thinkers (Robins, 1979: 124). Port-Royal Grammar, which is ascribed to Cloud Lancelot and Antarie Arnold, represents another earlier attempt to show "what is common to all languages" (Crystal, 1987: 84).
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations:
1.Cognitive explanations,
2.functional explanations,
3.pragmatic explanations,
4.and non-viable explanation.
References:
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schlenker/LING1-06-LN-3A.pdf
http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html
Distinguish between Language Diversity and Language Universal.
ReplyDeleteLanguage diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them.
Goal: Languages as we have described them so far are the product of three main components:
(i) the fixed principles of Universal Grammar
(ii) the parameters (or 'switches') of Universal Grammar, and
(iii) the vocabulary, e.g. the fact that a certain furry creature is called a 'cat' rather than a 'tac' (this component
is arbitrary and does not follow from Universal Grammar)
Language universality or the oneness of language is not newly studied. Indeed, it has deep roots that stretch for the earlier attempts of studying language. Generally, the following remarks have been recorded:
1) Aristotle presented the concept that thought is one for all mankind and that language as the tool of thinking and the words of that language that express this thought should be one for all men, as well (Dinneen, 1967: 177).
2) It was Boethius who introduced the problem of universals as a topic for debate during the medieval Europe and refers to the semantic status of words and terms used to make general propositions. The problem, Linguistically speaking, concerns the nature of meaning to be assigned to common universal terms, it was presented within the frame of logic (Ibid; Robins, 1979:86).
3) Even the search for proto- language and the Divine Source of language could be justified in terms of the search for the one language of the universe.
4) Contemporary ideas about the nature of linguistic universals have several antecedents in the work of the seventeenth century's thinkers (Robins, 1979: 124). Port-Royal Grammar, which is ascribed to Cloud Lancelot and Antarie Arnold, represents another earlier attempt to show "what is common to all languages" (Crystal, 1987: 84).
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations:
1.Cognitive explanations,
2.functional explanations,
3.pragmatic explanations,
4.and non-viable explanation.
References:
http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/people/schlenker/LING1-06-LN-3A.pdf
http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html
Nim : 09250049
ReplyDeleteDistinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation.
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE
-http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity
-Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951.
-http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U
-http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Nim : 09250049
ReplyDeleteDistinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation.
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE
-http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity
-Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951.
-http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U
-http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Language Diversity
ReplyDeleteAccording to extension.org (2012) , language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences.
Furthermore, answer.com (2010) said that Language diversity is simply the ability to speak more than one language.
Then in other hand, Reishaan (2004) expalain that to prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps to which a language is considered as a distinct language.
Language Universal
In Alistair Boddy’s opinion (2012) , Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common.
In Answer.com (2012) said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
So in my opinion, Language diversity is the ability to speak more than one language, and than Language universal is the language that can be understand by many people although it is not all over a world know that language. Ok, I will give you the example:
Language Diversity : Bahasa Indonesia, Bahasa Palembang, Bahasa Jawa, Bahasa Melayu and so on that include in Indonesia’s language.
Language Universal : English language because many countries use it.
Reference:
Answers.ask.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.ask.com/Education/Other/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm
Accessed on 13 February 2012
Extension.org. 2008 . . The Language Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on 13th February 2012.
Reishaan.2004. . What is Language Diversity .Available on:http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity.
Accessed on 13th February 2012
13 February 2012 04:09
Linguistic diversity in the world today is an issue of growing social importance because
ReplyDeletea majority of all living languages are threatened in their continued existence. How they
can be sustained is a matter of study and debate. Changes in the vitality of a language
has important implications for individuals and societies. Multilingualism is a common
and increasing phenomenon in present day society which can be studied from different
perspectives. The purpose of the position paper is to focus on language as a cultural
asset and to establish the relationship between linguistic diversity and human welfare
from an economic perspective.
Language universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common
said, Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language,and nor is any other language in the world.It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.]
reference;
Alberini A. Riganti, P. and A. Longo (2003) “Can People Value the Aesthetic and Use
Services of Urban Sites? Evidence from a Survey of Belfast Residents”, Journal of
Cultural Economics, Volume 27(3-4).
Evans, Alistair Boddy.2012 . Language Universals. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm
Accessed on 13 February 2012
Language Diversity
ReplyDeleteDifferences among Languages
We are all aware that different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar.
In Welsh, the usual order is for the verb to come first, followed by the subject, followed in turn by the object:
prynodd y myfyriwr y llyfr
bought the student the book
The student bought the book.
A few languages have the order object-verb-subject, exactly the opposite to English, e.g. Hixkaryana, spoken by some 400 people on a tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil:
toto yahosIye kamara
man grabbed jaguar
The jaguar grabbed the man.
These differences would surely be soon noticed by anyone involved to any depth with the languages in question. But there are other differences in grammar between languages that are much more subtle. Let us take the English sentence I saw you, and came here. The first part of the sentence (before the 'and') is a complete sentence in its own right—the subject of the verb 'saw' is overt, appearing as the word 'I'. But the second part of the sentence is not complete in itself; its subject is missing. However, as speakers of English we have no hesitation in interpreting the second part to mean 'I came here', and not to mean 'you came here', although there is no logical reason, other than the requirements of English grammar, that this second interpretation should be excluded.
Language Universals
A language universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them. For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels. Research in this area of linguistics is closely tied to the study of linguistic typology, and intends to reveal generalizations across languages, likely tied to cognition, perception, or other abilities of the mind. The field was largely pioneered by the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who derived a set of forty-five basic universals, mostly dealing with syntax (see the list), from a study of some thirty languages. Linguistic universals in syntax are sometimes held up as evidence for universal grammar (although epistemological arguments are more common). Other explanations for linguistic universals have been proposed, for example, that linguistic universals tend to be properties of language that aid communication. If a language were to lack one of these properties, it has been argued, it would probably soon evolve into a language having that property.
REFERENCE
Bernard Comrie
http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues,many languages use differences in the order of elements to carry differences in meaning.
ReplyDeletelanguage diversity or the study of similarities and differences among languages and language universality or the study of language universals and what is common to all languages. It has a quick narrow lane through the amazing complexity of the study of language in a form of a historical rapid survey associated with related discussions and comments. The goal of the study is to show whether these two types are contradictory, as it seems at the first sight, or omplementary. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
Wiaa'm Abdul-Wahab Taha Al- Bayati ( Ph. D.) & Abdul -Hussein Kadhim Reishaan (M. A. )
http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language
Diversity language and Language universal
Language diversity
Diversity language is using different language or different form of the sentence in the same concept. The differences are can be because of vocabulary, grammar, dialect and etc. (Seabead .Linguistic Society for America. Reference.com.2012)
We can compare :
English: red pen
Indonesian: pena merah
Palembang language : tedok
Java language : turu
Eventhough they are different in structure and vocab, but they have same meaning.
Language diversity and language universal.
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide it means that all of people in this world can use that language well. Up to now there is no language universal, yet. Even though English is international language, not all of people in this world can use it fluency. But English is the most widely spoken language in the world. (Adamlance.answer.com.2012)
References :
Seabead .(LSA)reference.com.2012.available on:http://www.lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm.access on 14 february 2012.
Adamlance.answer.com.2012.available on:http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language.access on 14 february 2012.
Nim : 09250049
ReplyDeleteDistinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
For examples of the use of language for this purpose includes the designation of Native Americans as “savages” and “primitive” in contrast to European settlers as “civilized”; the use of the term “African slaves” to passively describe an inhumane system of forced bondage that “enslaved” the free people of Africa; diminishing the status of adult women through the active use of the term “girl”; the use of the term “America” to specifically refer to the United States as opposed to the whole Western Hemisphere that makes up America. When used in this manner, language has systematically helped to minimize and vilify certain groups and justify subsequent patterns of exclusion, mistreatment and exploitation.
Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence. In other traditions, there is less interest in or a general deflection of the question. For example in Islam the Arabic language is the language of the Qur'an, and so universal for Muslims. The written Classical Chinese language was and is still read widely but pronounced somewhat differently by readers in different areas of China, in Vietnam, Korea and Japan for centuries; it was a de facto universal literary language for a broad-based culture. In something of the same way Sanskrit in Nepal was a literary language for many for whom it was not a mother tongue.
REFERENCE
-http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity
-Gode, Alexander, Interlingua: A Dictionary of the International Language, New York: Storm Publishers, 1951.
-http://www.answers.com/topic/universal-language#ixzz1mGdCR29U
-http://www.joanwink.com/pub-those.html Excellent web site developed by a professor and her students documenting their experience addressing issues of multi-culturalism and how each person in that class had learned to fear or hate “those people”.
Language diversity
ReplyDeleteReference.com (2012), Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues.
Language universal
Wikipedia (2012), a linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.
Wikipedia (2012 ), Universal language may refer to a hypothetical or historical language spoken and understood by all or most of the world's population. In some contexts, it refers to a means of communication said to be understood by all living things, beings, and objects alike. It may be the ideal of an international auxiliary language for communication between groups speaking different primary languages. In other conceptions, it may be the primary language of all speakers, or the only existing language. Some mythological or religious traditions state that there was once a single universal language among all people, or shared by humans and supernatural beings, however, this is not supported by historical evidence.
References:
Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Diversity?. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Linguistic Universal. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Universal Language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
ReplyDeleteLanguage diversity
Language diversity is Language provides a mean for communication among and between individuals and groups.
Ex : money
Sekayu people said that money is sen but palembang people said that money is duit. This is the language diversity between sekayu and palembang.
linguistic universal
A linguistic universal is a pattern that occurs systematically across natural languages, potentially true for all of them.
For example, All languages have nouns and verbs, or If a language is spoken, it has consonants and vowels.
Ex :
Sekayu people said that money is sen but palembang people said that money is duit, and indonesian laguage said that money is uang. Although different sound but same meaning it is a money.
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal is how to mention words and sound.
Refrences
Extension. 2008. The Language of Diversity.
available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Universal Language. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_language. Accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
ReplyDeleteLanguage Diversity
To prove language diversity or the amount of similarities and differences among languages of the world seems so clear that a look at the surrounding languages helps identify the evidence for them. How many languages are there in the world? A question raises but seems to have no exact answer. Among linguists, the total number of the spoken languages tends to vary. According to Crystal (1987: 284),
We can ask questions like: How much longer does it take a child to master 144 distinctive sounds versus 11? How do listeners actually parse a free word order language? How do speakers plan the encoding of visual stimuli if the semantic resources of the language make quite different distinctions? How do listeners break up the giant inflected words of a polysynthetic language? In Bininj Gun-wok (Evans 2003a), for instance, the single word abanyawoihwarrgahmarneganjginjeng can represent what, in English, would constitute an entire sentence: “I cooked the wrong meat for them again.” These resources offered by diversity have scarcely been exploited in systematic ways by the scientific community: We have a comparative psychology across species, but not a proper comparative psychology inside our own species in the central questions that drive cognitive science.
Language Universals
Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors. Particular attention has been paid to four types of explanations:
1.Cognitive explanations,
2.functional explanations,
3.pragmatic explanations,
4.and non-viable explanation.
Types of Language Universals
Absolute vs. tendencies
Chomsky distinguishes between two types of language universals: absolute and relative universals or tendencies. An absolute universal is a property which all languages of the world share without any exception while a relative universal represents a general tendency in language, but one which has some exceptions (Radford, 1981: 28-9).
At first, the studies of language diversity or language similarities and differences and language universality or the oneness of language appeared to be the east-and-west sides of linguistics. Each seems to have its own procedures and activities.
Finally, Chomsky's and the universalists' contribution in this regard is that they reshuffles the ancient as well as the modern linguistic cards: behind the linguistic research there is a thread of psycholinguistic principles and innate abilities that might explain the various phenomena studied by theories of language origin, language change and language description. Psychological innate abilities could enable man to fulfill his psychological, social and other needs .
The approaches to language diversity and the features that differentiate languages on the one hand, and language universals and what seem to be common features among all or most languages could be thought to be superficially contradictory but in fact they are complementary and not contradictory.
Reference:
Behavioral and brain science. 2009. The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Available on: http://www.cse.iitk.ac.in/users/se367/readings/evans-levinson-09bbs_myth-of-language-universals.pdf. accesed on february 13, 2012
Prof. Dr. Abdul-Hussein Kadhim Reishaan. 2004. Language Diversity and Language Universals: A Psycholinguistic Study. Available on: http://arts.kufauniv.com/teaching/e/reishaan/page3.html. accesed on February 13, 2012
The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
ReplyDeleteUniversal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and alreadt more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Extension.org. 2008. The Language of Diversi. Available on:
http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on: 14 February 2012.
Angloswede. 2012. What is universal language. Available on:
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. Accessed on: 10 February 2012.
NAME: NUR AZIZAH ZATMEDIKA
ReplyDeleteNIM: 09250044
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 6
TASK 6: 13 FEB 2012
Distinguishing between Language diversity and language universal!
A. The Language of Diversity
- Answers.reference.com. (2012): Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues.
- Extension.org. (2008): The language of diversity is an evolving one that requires awareness, understanding and skill much in the same way as other areas of diversity competencies. Language provides a means for communication among and between individuals and groups. Language serves as a vehicle for expressing thoughts and feelings. And when it comes to diversity, language can be a bridge for building relationships, or a tool for creating and maintaining divisions across differences. Having a common language for talking about and across difference is essential for breaking down divisions and working towards achieving understanding and partnership. In developing a common language around diversity it is important that language be affirming and not about creating blame, guilt or pity.
B. Language Universal
If languages can differ from one another in these ways, one might ask: Are there any restrictions on the ways in which they can differ from one another? Are there some general properties that are common to all human languages? There are. For instance, many languages use differences in the order of elements to carry differences in meaning. In English, one difference between the statement The green parrot can speak Hixkaryana and the question Can the green parrot speak Hixkaryana? is a difference in the order of elements of this kind, more specifically inversion of the subject and the auxiliary verb. But no language is known to relate sentences by inverting the order of sentences of indefinite length (so that the question would appear as Hixkaryana speak can parrot green the?). Linguists believe that such a relation would violate constraints on humans' linguistic ability. In other words, while languages can be astonishingly different from one another—and this is why it is important for linguists to study languages of as many different types as possible—there are nonetheless features that unite all languages as different manifestations of the human language ability.
Linguists distinguish between two kinds of universals: absolute (opposite: statistical, often called tendencies) and implicational (opposite non-implicational). Absolute universals apply to every known language and are quite few in number; an example is All languages have pronouns. An implicational universal applies to languages with a particular feature that is always accompanied by another feature, such as If a language has trial grammatical number, it also has dual grammatical number, while non-implicational universals just state the existence (or non-existence) of one particular feature.
REFERENCES:
Answers.reference.com. 2012. Language Diversity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Extension.org. 2008. The Language of Diversity. Available on: http://www.extension.org/pages/10009/the-language-of-diversity. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Linguistic Society of America by Comrie, Bernard. Language University. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cfm. Accessed on: 15th February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2013. Linguistic Universal. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_universal. Accesses on: 15th February 2012.
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar.
ReplyDeleteLanguage Universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages. In other words they describe what the world's languages have in common. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
References:
Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Divercity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Comrie, Bernard. Tt. Language Divercity. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cf. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. 2012. Language Universal. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues. different languages have different words for the same concept, as when English 'dog' shows up in Spanish as perro or in Japanese as inu. And we are all aware that different languages are pronounced in different ways, so that the strongly trilled 'r' of Spanish perro is alien to most varieties of English. But equally important is the fact that languages differ from one another in grammar.
ReplyDeleteLanguage Universals are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages. In other words they describe what the world's languages have in common. Generally, different language universals seem to require different kinds of explanation due to the phenomenon of language which interacts so closely with many facets of human cognition and behaviors.
References:
Reference.com. 2012. What is Language Divercity. Available on: http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Comrie, Bernard. Tt. Language Divercity. Available on: http://lsadc.org/info/ling-fields-diversity.cf. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
Boddy-Evans, Alistair. 2012. Language Universal. Available on: http://africanhistory.about.com/od/glossaryl/g/def-Language-Universals.htm. Accessed on: February 15, 2012
TASK 6: 13 FEB 2012 Muhammad Yusuf
ReplyDeleteDistinguishing between Language diversity and language universal! 10250037
Language diversity is the recognition that teaching, or learning another language goes beyond the obvious fact of different words and sounds. Language customs, forms and sentence structure can also create comprehension issues
Universal Language is a language which is spoken world wide. At this point there is no Universal Language really, because not every person can speak English. Therefore English is not the universal Language, and nor is any other language in the world.
It is possible that one day there will be a language that will be the Universal Language, but for it to get Universal status, it needs to be a language that every single person in the world speaks fluently.
There is debates and discusions about English possibly becoming a universal language, but i have doubts about its future as a main language, because as the Chinese and Indian economy are growing, their countries status in the world are becoming more and more important, and already more people are choosing to study Chinese and Arabic languages over English.
Conclusion : so language universal it depend of people who dominant to use that language.
Example : in indonesia
sekayu padang palembang indonesia
Sen piti duet uang
Diversity language universal language
REFERENCES
Seabead.2012.What is Language Diversity?. Avaible on : http://answers.reference.com/learning/misc/what_is_language_diversity. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:44 pm
Angloswede.2012. What is universal language?. Avaible on : http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_universal_language. access on : February, 12th 2012 ; 09:57 pm