NAME : IKA AYU DIANTI_UNIV PGRI NIM : 2009 111 263
The theory of Efficient reading is about reading in a way that we understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. The theory of effective reading is how to prepare myself in advance and find ways to make read going easier. For example, When we are new to university study, the amount of reading we are expected to do can be daunting. However, we can learn how to prepare myself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when we start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks.
EFFICIENT READING is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. EFFECTIVE READING : When you are new to university study, the amount of reading you are expected to do can be daunting. However, you can learn how to prepare yourself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when you start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks. References : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/read.html
EFFICIENT READING : reading involves gaining meaning from the printed word, understanding the meaning it carries. "Efficiency" involves both getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
efficient reading, then is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading. EFFECTIVE READING : We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read.We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information.These are valid methods of taking in information, but when a person needs to have conscious, didactic understanding and knowledge of the material being read (Ex. for a final exam, or for a key business meeting), Effective Rapid Reading provides a way to achieve that . References : http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html https://effectivereading.com/public_home.php?
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING EFFICIENT READING is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. EFFECTIVE READING When you are new to university study, the amount of reading you are expected to do can be daunting. However, you can learn how to prepare yourself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when you start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks. References : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/read.html
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It is also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read relevant material.
Effective is If We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read.We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information. These are valid methods of taking in information, but when a person needs to have conscious, didactic understanding and knowledge of the material being read. Example for a final exam, or for a key business meeting, Effective Rapid Reading provides a way to achieve that.
RITA NAULI 2009 111 371 REGULER B THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING Effective Reading Effective: We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read. We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information. https://effectivereading.com/public_home.php? Efficient Reading Efficient reading is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading. Reading is very complex process in which a large number of interrelated skill are employed. the reader must also interpret what he reads in the light of his own previous and knowledge, and then he can examine it critically, efficient is an active , thinking process. http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html
“Efficient Reading” is : • Slightly faster reading, compared to average reading speed. • We learn and understand what we read. • We are able to re-produce what we read. • We can skim or scan, when required. • We can fix longer sentences or even a paragraph in one go. • We make notes that could give us a pictorial representation of the entire theme we have read.
“Effective reading” means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of the passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. it may also be necessary to reproduce the content of the passage in some way or other, such as discussing its main ideas or writing a summary.
Sources : http://www.slideshare.net/GLOBALEDGE/efficient-reading http://books.google.co.id/ (Effective Reading: Reading Skills for Advanced Students Oleh Simon Greenall,Michael Swan)
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills. SOURCES BY : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
EFFECTIVE READING
EFFECTIVE Reading is an active process, not a passive one. There is no proper reading of a text which reveals the text's true meaning. The meanings you get from a text may not be the same as those your professor or your fellow students would get from it.
We always read within a specific context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to read the text.
Texts themselves are very different (depending on the author's stance, values, emphasis, etc). Recognising this provides you with the beginnings of a critical approach to your reading.
SOURCES BY : http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/reading/effective-reading/index.xml
Efficient Reading is reading involves gaining meaning from the printed word, understanding the meaning it carries. "Efficiency" involves both getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
Active readers use reading strategies to help save time and cover a lot of ground. Your purpose for reading should determine which strategy or strategies to use.
There are six steps to more effective reading for all students (According to University of Bradford, School of Management ):
1. Feeling right about reading 2. Develop the 3Rs of reading ( Reading to Reveal, Reading to Review, Reading to Remind ) 3. Become a more selective reader 4. Become a smarter reader 5. Become a more focused (and faster) reader 6. Become a more active reader
Name : VERAWATY NIM : 2009 111 186 Class : Regular B_UPGRI Smster : 6 (Six)
EFFECIENCE READING
Definition: Choosing a strategy of reading that allows us to understand the writer’s message without spending too much time in the process.
Example: If we want to get some information from text or article, skimming reading strategy can help us to get information more quickly. Therefore, skimming reading strategy is the right strategy to get the most out of our reading.
EFFECTIVE READING
Definition: Reading in way has determined to get mean ideas or information from text.
Example: There is a text and we are going to find information from text, if we read in skimming or scanning strategies it is can help us to understand the mean ideas without spending too much time. So, that strategy is we called with effective reading.
Name : SILVIA WULAN SARI NIM : 2009 111 104 Semester : 6 / Regular B
- THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT READING
Simon Sweeney said that, Efficient reading has been described as a kind of sampling process and teachers should aim to develop learners’ skills in this respect.
www.schoolnetlinks.com
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant.
unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
- THE THEORY OF EFFECTIVE READING Eva Lai said that Effective reading involves active interaction between reader and text. That is to say, the reader makes use of his knowledge of vocabulary (semantics), sentence structures (syntax) as well as prior knowledge of the subject area (schema) to get meaning from the print. www.hkptu.org/engptu/services/.../s003.htm
Name : Yulianti NIM : 2009 111 046 THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING According to Rumelhart (1980), efficient and effective reading requires both top-down and bottom-up process operating interactively. The Theory of Effective reading According to Grabe, effective reading is rapid, purposeful, comprehending, flexible and gradually developing. So, reading is a very complex process, and this is what drives many researchers to attempt to understand and explain its process. Effective reading means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan:1986) Carrell (1998) argued that effective reading strategy training needs to include two key metacognitive factors: (1) knowledge of cognition (i.e., students are aware of what strategies they are currently using as they read in general) and (2) regulation of cognition (i.e., students are aware of selection of current strategies appropriate for successful comprehension).
The Theory of Efficient reading Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. (anonymous) / unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html Efficient reading is more than simply reading everything at a greater speed. You will achieve a greater time saving if you ask what you are reading and adopt a reading strategy to suit that need. Think and question more, read less. (www.worcester.ac.uk/studyskills/documents/Reading_efficiently_2011.pdf)
Conclusion: From the explanation above, we can conclude that effective reading means being understanding the reading accurately to achieve our purpose, while efficient reading means being understanding the reading text without spending too much time to achieve the greater speed. Sources: www-faculty.edfac.usyd.edu.au/projects/usp_in_tesol/pdf/volume01/article02.pdf www.ifpvnalumni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73%3Aeffective-reading&catid=46%3Apublished-papers&Itemid=67&lang=vi books.google.co.id/books?id=E3Txesv3iHcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html www.worcester.ac.uk/studyskills/documents/Reading_efficiently_2011.pdf
The Theory of Efficient Reading & Effective Reading
The Theory of efficient Reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy.
The Theory Effective Reading The Reading process involves two saparate but highly interrelated areas - word identification and comprehension. It is well established that difficulties in automatic word recognition significantly affect a reader's ability to effectively comprehend what they are reading (Lyon, 1995, Torgeson, Rashotte , and Alexander, 2001).
Effective reading is the strategy in reading that use the right and the appropriate way to get the information from the reading book. Usually, the reader only looking for the topic and the main idea of the reading text. For example, if we have to answer the questions from reading text, we don’t need to read all of the reading text, but we just read each paragraph that has relation with the questions.
Different from effective, if we talk about efficient reading, it means that we have to understand about the content of reading text without wasting the time.
Some ways to make reading be efficient are read and highlight the information and the main points, read the conclusion and highlight the part where the main points are repeated, read the words in bold or italics or the key words.
For example, to finish a reading book, we have two ways where the first way used one hour to finish it and the second way used two hours to finish it. Of course we have to use the first way to finish our book, because it more efficient.
Efficient reading involves both accuracy and speed in processing words and word segments (Laberge and Samuels, 1974; Perfetti, 1985).
Efficient reading often includes the use of prediction strategies (Goodman, 1976; Palincsar and Brown, 1984; Smith, 1971).
Efficient reading means using the least effort to obtain satisfactory resut, that ism we want our students to use their time and energy to best effect (Nuttall 2000: 44).
Reading is much more than simple word identification, reading is a process of making sense of print. Efficient reading is creating that comprehension with the least amount of effort.
Efficient reading, then is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading.
Effective reading requires a logical sequence of thinking or thought patterns, and these thought patterns require practice to set them into the mind (Gregory Mitchell, 2003)
Effective reading means being able to accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of thr passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan, 1986:2).
Using strategies is the key to effective reading. Effective reading as in speed reading, means controlling your eye movements.
== From the explanation above, i concluded that efficient reading is a reading process in order to get the main point of the text without wasting time. And effective reading is a process to get the main point of the text accurately by using strategy or method.
Efficient reading is reading to gain and comprehend of meaning by the reading text in the short time. Efficiency involves both, getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
Effective reading is reading in accurately and efficiently way, to comprehend as much as you need to get the main ideas or information from the text. It involves word identification and comprehension.
Reading is an activity (activities) aimed at capturing the meaning of a text. much information on the present author in a paper, whether it be articles, advertisements, poetry, or scientific writing. this information can include issues related to: WHO (siapa), what ( apa ), where (dimana), when (when ), Whose (miliksiapa) and how (bagaimana ). in addition to these six things, the information in the paper can be ideas, moral message (as in works of fiction) and others.
therefore when reading, we should pay attention to our reading goal, because a particular purpose requires a specific reading technique as well. Hence, in this brief article I will mention a variety of reading skills that include:
1. Scanning skill: a fast reading techniques. purpose of this reading technique is to capture information that includes: WHO (siapa ), what (apa ), where (dimana ) When (kapan), Whose (Milik siapa ) and how ( bagaimana ).
2. Skimming skills: a quick way of reading with an emphasis on understanding the idea of an essay.
3. intensive reading skills: reading a short text to obtain detailed and accurate information with attention to every word.
4. extensive reading skill: a technique read carefully by the slow reading speed. The emphasis of this technique is thorough information. how to read is more focused on language rather than words.
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
b. The Theory of Effective Reading
. Effective reading instruction helps learners make sense of written language. It builds on what learners know at any given time to help them learn more. Effective instruction is grounded in a professional knowledge of how we read and how we learn to read. It is best provided by knowledgeable, caring teachers who organize instruction to meet the varying needs of all their students.
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Effective reading is defined by habits and behaviors of students while they read. For example, teaching students how to make predictions based off of a text, or how to generate sumarizations of what was read. that behaviors such as these become vitally important in the process of developing the habits of effective readers.
Naame : Aryani NIM : 2010.111.359.P The Theory of Efficient and Effective Reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Effective reading is defined by habits and behaviors of students while they read. For example, teaching students how to make predictions based off of a text, or how to generate summarizations of what was read. that behaviors such as these become vitally important in the process of developing the habits of effective readers.
Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy. Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. Some methods for efficient reading : 1. Read the title and the introduction. Highlight information that tells the reader what the article is about. Highlight the main points to be covered. 2. Read the conclusion. Highlight the part where the main points are repeated. 3. Read any headings, sub-headings and words in bold or italics. Highlight key words 4. Read the topic sentence for each paragraph (usually the first or second sentence). Highlight key words in each topic sentence. Then put the article away. 5. Brainstorm all the information you can remember from the article. Use paper horizontally/landscape style so more information can fit on the page. Write down all key words you can remember. Draw diagrams or illustrations. 6. If relevant, read the article in depth.
The key to effective reading is activating [schemata] or building background knowledge, using cognitive strategies, and relevant materials…” (David and Ivonne Freeman) Effective readers are organised; they do not just look at words, they search for their meaning. They assimilate what is being read with what they already know; they are active readers who remember and draw conclusions from the material as it is being read. If you are reading in an area new to you, it is important that you first form some framework of what the material is about in your mind. This is done by surveying the text in advance of getting down to reading it in detail and is sometimes known as prereading.
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
The Theory Effective Reading
effective reading is rapid, purposeful, comprehending, flexible and gradually developing. So, reading is a very complex process, and this is what drives many researchers to attempt to understand and explain its process. Effective reading means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan:1986) EFFECTIVE READERS A familiarity with effective and ineffective reading strategies can help the teacher look for effective reading behaviours in learners, encourage wider use of these strategies, and be on the lookout for learners using less effective strategies. An effective reader is one who can select the correct strategy for the purpose and text. Studies have shown that most effective readers: • discover the distinctive features in letters, words and meaning • try to identify meaning rather than letters or words • use their knowledge of the world • eliminate unlikely alternatives through inference and prediction • have a clearly defined purpose • locate topic sentences • distinguish main points from subordinate ones, and fact from opinion • are aware of cohesion and reference • are aware of explicit and implied relationships between sentences and paragraphs • are aware of the importance of argument, tone and function • are able to work out the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary from context • have confidence in their own ability and take chances
Name : YAYAN APRIANTO NIM : 2009 111 106 Semester : 6 / Regular B
Effective Vs. Efficient: Do You Know The Difference?
Effective and efficient are very common business/marketing terms. However, most of us tend to mix their meanings and usage occasionally (including myself), and that is why I decided to write on the topic.
First of all if you look for both terms in most dictionaries you’ll find very similar definitions (which makes the matter even more confusing). Some dictionaries get it right, however. Here is the definition from Dictionary.com, which I like:
Effective (adj.): Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected result.
Efficient (adj.) Performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort.
If you want an easier way to memorize the difference, remember this sentence: “Being effective is about doing the right things, while being efficient is about doing the things in the right manner.”
Based on source http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Have you ever found that you've read a text without really understanding what the author was saying?
Have you ever read mountains of books without being any wiser about what the answer to your essay question might be?
If you have ever had these problems, then you have been reading inefficiently.
Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy. Your purpose in reading might be to:
bullet gather information for an essay bullet learn about a particular topic or understand a particular theory bullet prepare for an exam
In all of these cases, the nature of the text will help you decide how to read. The strategies for reading a text book, for example, are different from those used when reading journal articles. Choose more information about the following types of reading:
The Theory of Efficient Reading & Effective Reading
In physics, an effective field theory is, as any effective theory, an approximate theory, (usually a quantum field theory) that includes appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring at a chosen length scale, while ignoring substructure and degrees of freedom at shorter distances (or, equivalently, at higher energies). Presently, effective field theories are discussed in the context of the renormalization group (RG) where the process of integrating out short distance degrees of freedom is made systematic. Although this method is not sufficiently concrete to allow the actual construction of effective field theories, the gross understanding of their usefulness becomes clear through a RG analysis. This method also lends credence to the main technique of constructing effective field theories, through the analysis of symmetries. If there is a single mass scale M in the microscopic theory, then the effective field theory can be seen as an expansion in 1/M. The construction of an effective field theory accurate to some power of 1/M requires a new set of free parameters at each order of the expansion in 1/M. This technique is useful for scattering or other processes where the maximum momentum scale k satisfies the condition k/M≪1. Since effective field theories are not valid at small length scales, they need not be renormalizable. Indeed, the ever expanding number of parameters at each order in 1/M required for an effective field theory means that they are generally not renormalizable in the same sense as quantum electrodynamics which requires only the renormalization of three parameters.
In an earlier chapter, I describe how Inter Pares considers the issue of scaling and growth, and suggest this comparison between BAH and UCaPP organizations:
With BAH organizations, effectiveness is measured in terms of owned or controlled resources that are deployed in the pursuit of defined objectives and goals. UCaPP organizations, it seems, feel a lesser need to control or own the means – including people – that enable the creation and dissemination of its intended effects which are based in shared values and participation in common cause.
In a contemporary context, it is appropriate to question whether the traditional construction of organizational effectiveness – having to do with access and deployment of resources, or achievement of stated goals and objectives, or combinations of both – provides the most useful guidance for a UCaPP world. One could construct a cogent and legitimate argument that critiques striving for such effectiveness constructs, writ large in the context of organizations, economies, and nations; writ small in the context of individuals seeking what they – rightly or wrongly – consider to be their personal due.
An extreme focus on instrumentality and achieving unitary objectives, often to the exclusion of other – and others’ – considerations, has perennially been critiqued for sowing the seeds of near economic collapse (e.g., Bakan, 2004; McLean & Elkind, 2003) and seemingly inevitable ecological deterioration and catastrophe (e.g., Liotta & Shearer, 2007; Lovelock, 2006) that threaten order, stability, and perhaps civilization's ability to sustain itself. Proposing Valence Theory – a contemporary reconception of the fundamental premise upon which organizations are constructed –necessitates proposing a corresponding change in our collective understanding of what it means to be effective.
Simply put, in a world that is ubiquitously connected and therefore pervasively proximate, to be truly, if not literally, effective is to be cognizant of the effects one intends to create, and actively aware of the multiple, complex effects that one actually brings about in both the social and material – natural and physically constructed – environments[1]. As effects are substantially distinct from goals and outcomes, an organization concerned first and foremost with its effects must bring a heightened awareness amidst the social and material environments in which it participates among its various and varied constituencies. This logic brings an organization to having as its primary concern, the relationships it creates, out of which intended effects emerge, followed by the goals, objectives, and outcomes towards which it strives. source :
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING Effective reading comprehension requires not only accurate reading skills but also automatic and fluent reading ability. Many struggling readers have difficulty moving to a level of automaticity and fluency that allows them to easily comprehend what they are reading. We have discussed the underlying processes involved in developing fluent reading as well as suggested some techniques for improving fluency. Research in the area of developing accurate decoding has consistently indicated that a systematic code based approach is important for teaching beginning reading skills. The best techniques for developing fluency, however, have not yet been clearly established. The suggestions here are based on clinical experience and more systematic research is needed to determine which methods or their components will be the most efficient. source : http://www.resourceroom.net/readspell/2002_automaticity.asp
NAME : IKA AYU DIANTI_UNIV PGRI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 263
The theory of Efficient reading is about reading in a way that we understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process.
The theory of effective reading is how to prepare myself in advance and find ways to make read going easier. For example, When we are new to university study, the amount of reading we are expected to do can be daunting. However, we can learn how to prepare myself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when we start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks.
Name : Risda
ReplyDeleteNim : 2009.111.284
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
EFFICIENT READING is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process.
EFFECTIVE READING : When you are new to university study, the amount of reading you are expected to do can be daunting. However, you can learn how to prepare yourself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when you start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks.
References : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/read.html
Name : Hayatun
ReplyDeleteNim : 2009.111.111
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
EFFICIENT READING : reading involves gaining meaning from the printed word, understanding the meaning it carries. "Efficiency" involves both getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
efficient reading, then is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading.
EFFECTIVE READING : We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read.We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information.These are valid methods of taking in information, but when a person needs to have conscious, didactic understanding and knowledge of the material being read (Ex. for a final exam, or for a key business meeting), Effective Rapid Reading provides a way to achieve that .
References : http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html
https://effectivereading.com/public_home.php?
Name : Risda
ReplyDeleteNim : 2009.111.284
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
EFFICIENT READING is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process.
EFFECTIVE READING When you are new to university study, the amount of reading you are expected to do can be daunting. However, you can learn how to prepare yourself in advance and find ways to make the going easier. What appears to be an impossible task (tackling all that text) becomes possible when you start becoming an active reader; that is, asking questions about what you need to find out, taking a strategic and critical approach, and then selecting readings that relate to your questions and tasks.
References : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/read.html
Name : Lusi Hartiyas
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 240
REGULER B
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
The Theory of efficient Reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It is also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read relevant material.
http://www.ideamarketers.com/?Are_You_An_Efficient_Reader&articleid=415443&from=PROFILE
The Theory of effective Reading
Effective is If We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read.We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information.
These are valid methods of taking in information, but when a person needs to have conscious, didactic understanding and knowledge of the material being read. Example for a final exam, or for a key business meeting, Effective Rapid Reading provides a way to achieve that.
https://effectivereading.com/public_home.php?
RITA NAULI
Delete2009 111 371
REGULER B
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
Effective Reading
Effective: We are able to comprehend, or understand, what we read while we read.
We focus on being able to read quickly while still, consciously, comprehending the material being read. Some reading programs concentrate strictly on speed without testing comprehension. Other programs rely upon the unconscious mind to synthesize, remember and understand the information.
https://effectivereading.com/public_home.php?
Efficient Reading
Efficient reading is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading.
Reading is very complex process in which a large number of interrelated skill are employed. the reader must also interpret what he reads in the light of his own previous and knowledge, and then he can examine it critically, efficient is an active , thinking process.
http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html
NAME : MEITA DWI PUTRI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009.111.126
“Efficient Reading” is :
• Slightly faster reading, compared to average reading speed.
• We learn and understand what we read.
• We are able to re-produce what we read.
• We can skim or scan, when required.
• We can fix longer sentences or even a paragraph in one go.
• We make notes that could give us a pictorial representation of the entire theme we have read.
“Effective reading” means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of the passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. it may also be necessary to reproduce the content of the passage in some way or other, such as discussing its main ideas or writing a summary.
Sources :
http://www.slideshare.net/GLOBALEDGE/efficient-reading
http://books.google.co.id/ (Effective Reading: Reading Skills for Advanced Students Oleh Simon Greenall,Michael Swan)
NAME : RINDI OKTARIA
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 349 ( REG B)
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
SOURCES BY : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
EFFECTIVE READING
EFFECTIVE Reading is an active process, not a passive one. There is no proper reading of a text which reveals the text's true meaning. The meanings you get from a text may not be the same as those your professor or your fellow students would get from it.
We always read within a specific context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter. We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we approach it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also determine the strategies we use to read the text.
Texts themselves are very different (depending on the author's stance, values, emphasis, etc). Recognising this provides you with the beginnings of a critical approach to your reading.
SOURCES BY :
http://www.monash.edu.au/lls/llonline/reading/effective-reading/index.xml
NAME : SISKA APRILIA_REG B
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 194
The Theory of Efficient and Effective Reading
a. The Theory of Efficient Reading
Efficient Reading is reading involves gaining meaning from the printed word, understanding the meaning it carries. "Efficiency" involves both getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html
b. The Thoery of Effective Reading
Active readers use reading strategies to help save time and cover a lot of ground. Your purpose for reading should determine which strategy or strategies to use.
There are six steps to more effective reading for all students (According to University of Bradford, School of Management ):
1. Feeling right about reading
2. Develop the 3Rs of reading ( Reading to Reveal, Reading to Review, Reading to Remind )
3. Become a more selective reader
4. Become a smarter reader
5. Become a more focused (and faster) reader
6. Become a more active reader
http://www.lc.unsw.edu.au/onlib/read1.html
http://www.brad.ac.uk/acad/management/external/els/pdf/sixstepstoeffectivereading.pdf
THE THEORY OF EFFECIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING
ReplyDeleteName : VERAWATY
NIM : 2009 111 186
Class : Regular B_UPGRI
Smster : 6 (Six)
EFFECIENCE READING
Definition:
Choosing a strategy of reading that allows us to understand the writer’s message without spending too much time in the process.
Example:
If we want to get some information from text or article, skimming reading strategy can help us to get information more quickly. Therefore, skimming reading strategy is the right strategy to get the most out of our reading.
EFFECTIVE READING
Definition:
Reading in way has determined to get mean ideas or information from text.
Example:
There is a text and we are going to find information from text, if we read in skimming or scanning strategies it is can help us to understand the mean ideas without spending too much time. So, that strategy is we called with effective reading.
http://unilearning.upw.edu.au/reasing/1a.html
Name : SILVIA WULAN SARI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 104
Semester : 6 / Regular B
- THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT READING
Simon Sweeney said that, Efficient reading has been described as a kind of sampling process and teachers should aim to develop learners’ skills in this respect.
www.schoolnetlinks.com
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant.
unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
- THE THEORY OF EFFECTIVE READING
Eva Lai said that Effective reading involves active interaction between reader and text. That is to say, the reader makes use of his knowledge of vocabulary (semantics), sentence structures (syntax) as well as prior knowledge of the subject area (schema) to get meaning from the print.
www.hkptu.org/engptu/services/.../s003.htm
Name : Yulianti
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 046
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
According to Rumelhart (1980), efficient and effective reading requires
both top-down and bottom-up process operating interactively.
The Theory of Effective reading
According to Grabe, effective reading is rapid, purposeful, comprehending, flexible and gradually developing. So, reading is a very complex process, and this is what drives many researchers to attempt to understand and explain its process.
Effective reading means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan:1986)
Carrell (1998) argued that effective reading strategy training needs to include two key
metacognitive factors: (1) knowledge of cognition (i.e., students are aware of what
strategies they are currently using as they read in general) and (2) regulation of cognition
(i.e., students are aware of selection of current strategies appropriate for successful
comprehension).
The Theory of Efficient reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. (anonymous) / unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
Efficient reading is more than simply reading everything at a greater speed.
You will achieve a greater time saving if you ask what you are reading and adopt a reading strategy to suit that need. Think and question more, read less. (www.worcester.ac.uk/studyskills/documents/Reading_efficiently_2011.pdf)
Conclusion:
From the explanation above, we can conclude that effective reading means being understanding the reading accurately to achieve our purpose, while efficient reading means being understanding the reading text without spending too much time to achieve the greater speed.
Sources:
www-faculty.edfac.usyd.edu.au/projects/usp_in_tesol/pdf/volume01/article02.pdf
www.ifpvnalumni.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73%3Aeffective-reading&catid=46%3Apublished-papers&Itemid=67&lang=vi
books.google.co.id/books?id=E3Txesv3iHcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=id&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
www.worcester.ac.uk/studyskills/documents/Reading_efficiently_2011.pdf
NAMA : NOVARIA OCTAVIANTY
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 081
The Theory of Efficient Reading & Effective Reading
The Theory of efficient Reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant.
Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy.
The Theory Effective Reading
The Reading process involves two saparate but highly interrelated areas - word identification and comprehension. It is well established that difficulties in automatic word recognition significantly affect a reader's ability to effectively comprehend what they are reading (Lyon, 1995, Torgeson, Rashotte , and Alexander, 2001).
THE THEORY OF EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT READING
Delete>> Effective Reading
Effective reading is the strategy in reading that use the right and the appropriate way to get the information from the reading book. Usually, the reader only looking for the topic and the main idea of the reading text. For example, if we have to answer the questions from reading text, we don’t need to read all of the reading text, but we just read each paragraph that has relation with the questions.
Different from effective, if we talk about efficient reading, it means that we have to understand about the content of reading text without wasting the time.
Some ways to make reading be efficient are read and highlight the information and the main points, read the conclusion and highlight the part where the main points are repeated, read the words in bold or italics or the key words.
For example, to finish a reading book, we have two ways where the first way used one hour to finish it and the second way used two hours to finish it. Of course we have to use the first way to finish our book, because it more efficient.
Name : Tirta Widyanata
NIM : 2009 111 132
Name : Ananda Tri Cahya Putri
ReplyDeleteNIM : 200111332
The Theory of Efficient and Effective Reading
Efficient reading involves both accuracy and speed in processing words and word segments (Laberge and Samuels, 1974; Perfetti, 1985).
Efficient reading often includes the use of prediction strategies (Goodman, 1976; Palincsar and Brown, 1984; Smith, 1971).
Efficient reading means using the least effort to obtain satisfactory resut, that ism we want our students to use their time and energy to best effect (Nuttall 2000: 44).
Reading is much more than simple word identification, reading is a process of making sense of print. Efficient reading is creating that comprehension with the least amount of effort.
Efficient reading, then is gaining and understanding of meaning carried by the printed material with the minimum of energy expended, with usually means in the shortest possible time. this is obviously more than fast reading or speed reading. for the emphasis is on gaining meaning as well as on speed,and the pace at which we reads will depend on both what we are reading and why we are reading.
Effective reading requires a logical sequence of thinking or thought patterns, and these thought patterns require practice to set them into the mind (Gregory Mitchell, 2003)
Effective reading means being able to accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of thr passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan, 1986:2).
Using strategies is the key to effective reading.
Effective reading as in speed reading, means controlling your eye movements.
== From the explanation above, i concluded that efficient reading is a reading process in order to get the main point of the text without wasting time. And effective reading is a process to get the main point of the text accurately by using strategy or method.
http://www.celea.org.cn/teic/67/67-82.pdf
http://www.teaching-tips-machine.com/reading_process.htm
http://asa-2009.blogspot.com/2012/03/efficient-reading.html
http://www.uefap.com/reading/efficien/efffram.htm
http://www.allenandunwin.com/default.aspx?page=497
http://www.charteredbanker.com/home/member_and_students/student_support/how_to_study/
http://books.google.co.id/books?id=E3Txesv3iHcC&printsec=frontcover&dq=reading+effective&hl=id&ei=yF91T5eAO8nUrQfyg-GtDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q=reading%20effective&f=false
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
ReplyDeleteEfficient reading is reading to gain and comprehend of meaning by the reading text in the short time. Efficiency involves both, getting a particular task done, and doing it with maximum out put for the minimum in put of resources.
Effective reading is reading in accurately and efficiently way, to comprehend as much as you need to get the main ideas or information from the text. It involves word identification and comprehension.
Name : Sri Ningsih
NIM : 2009111359
NAMA : TUTI ZURYANI
ReplyDeleteNIM ; 2011.111.286.p
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING
How to read effectively and efficiently
Reading is an activity (activities) aimed at capturing the meaning of a text. much information on the present author in a paper, whether it be articles, advertisements, poetry, or scientific writing. this information can include issues related to: WHO (siapa), what ( apa ), where (dimana), when (when ), Whose (miliksiapa) and how (bagaimana ). in addition to these six things, the information in the paper can be ideas, moral message (as in works of fiction) and others.
therefore when reading, we should pay attention to our reading goal, because a particular purpose requires a specific reading technique as well. Hence, in this brief article I will mention a variety of reading skills that include:
1. Scanning skill: a fast reading techniques. purpose of this reading technique is to capture information that includes: WHO (siapa ), what (apa ), where (dimana )
When (kapan), Whose (Milik siapa ) and how ( bagaimana ).
2. Skimming skills: a quick way of reading with an emphasis on understanding the idea of an essay.
3. intensive reading skills: reading a short text to obtain detailed and accurate information with attention to every word.
4. extensive reading skill: a technique read carefully by the slow reading speed. The emphasis of this technique is thorough information. how to read is more focused on language rather than words.
Posting by : Emilda Kontesa
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009.111.381
a. The Theory of Efficient Reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
b. The Theory of Effective Reading
. Effective reading instruction helps learners make sense of written language. It builds on what learners know at any given time to help them learn more. Effective instruction is grounded in a professional knowledge of how we read and how we learn to read. It is best provided by knowledgeable, caring teachers who organize instruction to meet the varying needs of all their students.
REFERENCE : http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
http://www.ncte.org/positions/statements/onreading
Name : Aryani
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2010.111.359.P
The Theory of Efficient and Effective Reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Effective reading is defined by habits and behaviors of students while they read. For example, teaching students how to make predictions based off of a text, or how to generate sumarizations of what was read. that behaviors such as these become vitally important in the process of developing the habits of effective readers.
http://www.enotes.com/teachers/discuss/who-an-effective-reader-90791
hthttp://www.amazon.com/Effective-Instructional-Strategies-Theory-
Naame : Aryani
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2010.111.359.P
The Theory of Efficient and Effective Reading
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Effective reading is defined by habits and behaviors of students while they read. For example, teaching students how to make predictions based off of a text, or how to generate summarizations of what was read. that behaviors such as these become vitally important in the process of developing the habits of effective readers.
http://www.enotes.com/teachers/discuss/who-an-effective-reader-90791
hthttp://www.amazon.com/Effective-Instructional-Strategies-Theory-
NAME : RISNAYANTI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009111323
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT AND EFFECTIVE READING
A. THE THEORY OF EFFICIENT READING
Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy.
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant.
Some methods for efficient reading :
1. Read the title and the introduction.
Highlight information that tells the reader what the article is about. Highlight the main points to be covered.
2. Read the conclusion.
Highlight the part where the main points are repeated.
3. Read any headings, sub-headings and words in bold or italics.
Highlight key words
4. Read the topic sentence for each paragraph (usually the first or second sentence).
Highlight key words in each topic sentence. Then put the article away.
5. Brainstorm all the information you can remember from the article.
Use paper horizontally/landscape style so more information can fit on the page.
Write down all key words you can remember.
Draw diagrams or illustrations.
6. If relevant, read the article in depth.
Sources :
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/1_StudySkills/study_pdf/efficient_reading.pdf
B.THE THEORY OF EFFECTIVE READING
The key to effective reading is activating [schemata] or building background knowledge, using cognitive strategies, and relevant materials…”
(David and Ivonne Freeman)
Effective readers are organised; they do not just look at words, they search for their
meaning. They assimilate what is being read with what they already know; they are
active readers who remember and draw conclusions from the material as it is being
read. If you are reading in an area new to you, it is important that you first form some
framework of what the material is about in your mind. This is done by surveying the
text in advance of getting down to reading it in detail and is sometimes known as prereading.
source:
http://www.conntesol.net/Presenter%20Handouts/Reading%20for%20LA%20final%20presentation.pdf
http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/18538_03_Pritchard_Ch_02.pdf
NAME : SUSILAWATI
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009.111.062.P
THE THEORY OF EFFECIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING
The Theory Of Effecience
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
The Theory Effective Reading
effective reading is rapid, purposeful, comprehending, flexible and gradually developing. So, reading is a very complex process, and this is what drives many researchers to attempt to understand and explain its process.
Effective reading means being able to read accurately and efficiently, and to understand as much of passage as you need in order to achieve your purpose. (Simon Greenall and Michael Swan:1986)
EFFECTIVE READERS
A familiarity with effective and ineffective reading strategies can help the teacher look for effective reading behaviours in learners, encourage wider use of these strategies, and be on the lookout for learners using less effective strategies. An effective reader is one who can select the correct strategy for the purpose and text. Studies have shown that most effective readers:
• discover the distinctive features in letters, words and meaning
• try to identify meaning rather than letters or words
• use their knowledge of the world
• eliminate unlikely alternatives through inference and prediction
• have a clearly defined purpose
• locate topic sentences
• distinguish main points from subordinate ones, and fact from opinion
• are aware of cohesion and reference
• are aware of explicit and implied relationships between sentences and paragraphs
• are aware of the importance of argument, tone and function
• are able to work out the meaning of unfamiliar vocabulary from context
• have confidence in their own ability and take chances
Name : YAYAN APRIANTO
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 106
Semester : 6 / Regular B
Effective Vs. Efficient: Do You Know The Difference?
Effective and efficient are very common business/marketing terms. However, most of us tend to mix their meanings and usage occasionally (including myself), and that is why I decided to write on the topic.
First of all if you look for both terms in most dictionaries you’ll find very similar definitions (which makes the matter even more confusing). Some dictionaries get it right, however. Here is the definition from Dictionary.com, which I like:
Effective (adj.): Adequate to accomplish a purpose; producing the intended or expected result.
Efficient (adj.) Performing or functioning in the best possible manner with the least waste of time and effort.
If you want an easier way to memorize the difference, remember this sentence: “Being effective is about doing the right things, while being efficient is about doing the things in the right manner.”
Source : http://www.dailyblogtips.com/effective-vs-efficient-difference/
Name : SENTRA OKTOBERIA
ReplyDeleteNim : 2009 111 202
Based on source http://unilearning.uow.edu.au/reading/1a.html
Efficient reading is about reading in a way that allows you to understand the writer's message without spending too much time in the process. It's also about reading with a clear purpose in mind so that you only read material that is relevant. When you're reading in preparation for an essay or for understanding generally, remember that good reading strategies go hand-in-hand with good note-taking skills.
Have you ever found that you've read a text without really understanding what the author was saying?
Have you ever read mountains of books without being any wiser about what the answer to your essay question might be?
If you have ever had these problems, then you have been reading inefficiently.
Efficient reading starts with choosing a strategy to suit the kind of text you have to read because your purpose in reading and the nature of text to be read will determine your strategy. Your purpose in reading might be to:
bullet gather information for an essay
bullet learn about a particular topic or understand a particular theory
bullet prepare for an exam
In all of these cases, the nature of the text will help you decide how to read. The strategies for reading a text book, for example, are different from those used when reading journal articles. Choose more information about the following types of reading:
NAMA : AMARIA
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009 111 328
The Theory of Efficient Reading & Effective Reading
In physics, an effective field theory is, as any effective theory, an approximate theory, (usually a quantum field theory) that includes appropriate degrees of freedom to describe physical phenomena occurring at a chosen length scale, while ignoring substructure and degrees of freedom at shorter distances (or, equivalently, at higher energies).
Presently, effective field theories are discussed in the context of the renormalization group (RG) where the process of integrating out short distance degrees of freedom is made systematic. Although this method is not sufficiently concrete to allow the actual construction of effective field theories, the gross understanding of their usefulness becomes clear through a RG analysis. This method also lends credence to the main technique of constructing effective field theories, through the analysis of symmetries. If there is a single mass scale M in the microscopic theory, then the effective field theory can be seen as an expansion in 1/M. The construction of an effective field theory accurate to some power of 1/M requires a new set of free parameters at each order of the expansion in 1/M. This technique is useful for scattering or other processes where the maximum momentum scale k satisfies the condition k/M≪1. Since effective field theories are not valid at small length scales, they need not be renormalizable. Indeed, the ever expanding number of parameters at each order in 1/M required for an effective field theory means that they are generally not renormalizable in the same sense as quantum electrodynamics which requires only the renormalization of three
parameters.
SOURCE : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_field_theory
NAMA : nazmira az zahra
ReplyDeleteNIM : 2009.111.031
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING
In an earlier chapter, I describe how Inter Pares considers the issue of scaling and growth, and suggest this comparison between BAH and UCaPP organizations:
With BAH organizations, effectiveness is measured in terms of owned or controlled resources that are deployed in the pursuit of defined objectives and goals. UCaPP organizations, it seems, feel a lesser need to control or own the means – including people – that enable the creation and dissemination of its intended effects which are based in shared values and participation in common cause.
In a contemporary context, it is appropriate to question whether the traditional construction of organizational effectiveness – having to do with access and deployment of resources, or achievement of stated goals and objectives, or combinations of both – provides the most useful guidance for a UCaPP world. One could construct a cogent and legitimate argument that critiques striving for such effectiveness constructs, writ large in the context of organizations, economies, and nations; writ small in the context of individuals seeking what they – rightly or wrongly – consider to be their personal due.
An extreme focus on instrumentality and achieving unitary objectives, often to the exclusion of other – and others’ – considerations, has perennially been critiqued for sowing the seeds of near economic collapse (e.g., Bakan, 2004; McLean & Elkind, 2003) and seemingly inevitable ecological deterioration and catastrophe (e.g., Liotta & Shearer, 2007; Lovelock, 2006) that threaten order, stability, and perhaps civilization's ability to sustain itself. Proposing Valence Theory – a contemporary reconception of the fundamental premise upon which organizations are constructed –necessitates proposing a corresponding change in our collective understanding of what it means to be effective.
Simply put, in a world that is ubiquitously connected and therefore pervasively proximate, to be truly, if not literally, effective is to be cognizant of the effects one intends to create, and actively aware of the multiple, complex effects that one actually brings about in both the social and material – natural and physically constructed – environments[1]. As effects are substantially distinct from goals and outcomes, an organization concerned first and foremost with its effects must bring a heightened awareness amidst the social and material environments in which it participates among its various and varied constituencies. This logic brings an organization to having as its primary concern, the relationships it creates, out of which intended effects emerge, followed by the goals, objectives, and outcomes towards which it strives.
source :
NAMA : KARLINDAH
ReplyDeleteNIM ; 2009.111.267
THE THEORY OF EFFICIENCE AND EFFECTIVE READING
Effective reading comprehension requires not only accurate reading skills but also automatic and fluent reading ability. Many struggling readers have difficulty moving to a level of automaticity and fluency that allows them to easily comprehend what they are reading. We have discussed the underlying processes involved in developing fluent reading as well as suggested some techniques for improving fluency. Research in the area of developing accurate decoding has consistently indicated that a systematic code based approach is important for teaching beginning reading skills. The best techniques for developing fluency, however, have not yet been clearly established. The suggestions here are based on clinical experience and more systematic research is needed to determine which methods or their components will be the most efficient.
source : http://www.resourceroom.net/readspell/2002_automaticity.asp