The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example: • Gunning Fog Index • Flesch Reading Ease Scale • Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following: 1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W 2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S 3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T 4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4 The Gunning Fog Index gives the number of years of education that your reader needs to understand the paragraph. Typically, in technical documentation, aim for a Gunning Fog Index between 10 and 15. The Gunning Fog Index formula implies that short sentences written in plain English achieve a better score than long sentences written in complicated language. Flesch Reading Ease Scale Calculate the readability of a passage on the Flesch Reading Ease Scale in the following way: 1. Calculate the average sentence length: L 2. Calculate the average number of syllables per word: N 3. Calculate the score between 0 and 00%. The higher the score, the easier the text is to understand. Aim to maximize the score. The Flesch Reading Ease Scale measures readability as follows: 100 Very easy to read. Average sentence length is 12 words or less. No words of more than two syllables. 65 Plain English. Average sentence length is 15 to 20 words. Average word has two syllables. 0 Extremely difficult to read. Average sentence length is 37 words. Average word has more than two syllables. Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch Readability Test. In this link, Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information. Flesch-Kincaid Index This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation.
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example: • Gunning Fog Index • Flesch Reading Ease Scale • Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following: 1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W 2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S 3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T 4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4 The Gunning Fog Index gives the number of years of education that your reader needs to understand the paragraph. Typically, in technical documentation, aim for a Gunning Fog Index between 10 and 15. The Gunning Fog Index formula implies that short sentences written in plain English achieve a better score than long sentences written in complicated language. Flesch Reading Ease Scale Calculate the readability of a passage on the Flesch Reading Ease Scale in the following way: 1. Calculate the average sentence length: L 2. Calculate the average number of syllables per word: N 3. Calculate the score between 0 and 00%. The higher the score, the easier the text is to understand. Aim to maximize the score. The Flesch Reading Ease Scale measures readability as follows: 100 Very easy to read. Average sentence length is 12 words or less. No words of more than two syllables. 65 Plain English. Average sentence length is 15 to 20 words. Average word has two syllables. 0 Extremely difficult to read. Average sentence length is 37 words. Average word has more than two syllables. Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch Readability Test. In this link, Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information. Flesch-Kincaid Index This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation.
Name : Yovfita NIM : 08 25 058 (24) Subject : Extensive Reading Lecturer : Holandyah, M.Pd VII. READABILITY TEST J. Gilland (1972) states that readability test Readability tests are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability test is all the factors that affect success in reading and understanding a text. For example: We do not write the same way for an audience of 14-year olds or marketing specialists, for a scientific meeting. Adopted From : Gilland, J. (1972). Readability. (University of London Press). Retrieved From: http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/
1. Dale and Chall (1949: 23) state that readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. 2. Cheryl Stephens states readability is the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. 3. Johnson Kinder & Bur Suck (1993) state that readability tests do not measure a reader’s background knowledge or elucidate whether the texts are interesting, well written, well organized, or appropriate for the reader. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability is a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. Retrieved from: http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
NAMA : AKHIROTUL FAIZATIN NISA' NIM : 0825004 NO : 4
READABILITY TEST
According to Cheryl Stephens(2000) state that readability describe which a document can be read readability tests which are mathematical formulas were designed to assess the suitability of the books for students at particular grade level or ages. From definition it can be assumed that readability tests to assess the suitability of books for students which the educator can make decision about advisability of books for students. Adopted from : Stephens Cheryl.(2000),Readability test. Retrieved from : http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/stephens/readability.html.
7 Hasan Sadiqin Readability test Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. From the definition it can be assumed that readability test is to help a teacher to choose the appropriate test for different student’s level.
Adopted from : Stephens Cheryl.(2000),Readability test. Retrieved from : http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/stephens/readability.html
Readibility Test Geoffrey Marnell (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Emaliana Hidayati/35 No : 08 25 703 Cheryl Stephens ( 1920:1) state that readability tests is mathematical equations which correlate measurable elements of writing - such as the number of personal pronouns in the text, the average number of syllables in words or number of words in sentences in the text. It can be assume that readability test is mathematical formulas, designed to measure the suitability students at a certain age, or grade level. Adopted from : Stephens,cheryl.1920. All About Readability. retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Readibility Test Geoffrey Marnell on The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Pebrianti/39 N0: 08 25 709 Cheryl Stephens (1920: 1 )state that Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books. These people were taking books already written and figuring out who were the appropriate reading groups. It can be assumed that readability tests is mathematical equations which correlate measurable elements of writing in the text. Adopted from : Stephens,cheryl.1920. All About Readability. retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Rian Puspita Sarie NIM : 0825048 NO : 15 READABILITY TEST Sakri states that Readability refers to the asy degree of a text to be understood (Sakri, 1993:135) in Nababan (1999P62. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985:238) in Nababan (1999P62) readability text how easy written materials can be read an understood. Donald state that Readability means understandability. The more readable a document is, the more easily it can be understood E. Dale and J.S. Chall state that Readability is the sum total (including all the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affect the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it an optimal speed, and find it interesting.” From that explanation, we can assume that readability text is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. Readability tests give a prediction as to how difficult readers will find a particular text. For, example, we measure a text to our student. So that our student can read the text easily. Adapted from : Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd. Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset. Editing Technical Writing, by Donald C. Samson Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, p. 58. E. Dale and J.S. Chall, “The concept of readability”, quoted in William H. DuBay, Smart Language: Readers, Readability, and the Grading of Text, Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA, 2007, p. 6. Retrieved from : http://www.scribd.com/doc/59427992/Readability-Theory http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Rian Puspita Sarie NIM : 0825048 NO : 15 READABILITY TEST Sakri states that Readability refers to the asy degree of a text to be understood (Sakri, 1993:135) in Nababan (1999P62. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985:238) in Nababan (1999P62) readability text how easy written materials can be read an understood. Donald state that Readability means understandability. The more readable a document is, the more easily it can be understood E. Dale and J.S. Chall state that Readability is the sum total (including all the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affect the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it an optimal speed, and find it interesting.” From that explanation, we can assume that readability text is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. Readability tests give a prediction as to how difficult readers will find a particular text. For, example, we measure a text to our student. So that our student can read the text easily. Adapted from : Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd. Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset. Editing Technical Writing, by Donald C. Samson Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, p. 58. E. Dale and J.S. Chall, “The concept of readability”, quoted in William H. DuBay, Smart Language: Readers, Readability, and the Grading of Text, Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA, 2007, p. 6. Retrieved from : http://www.scribd.com/doc/59427992/Readability-Theory http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
7. READABILITY TEST Name : SRI MAHDALENA Student’s Number : 29 NIM : 08 25 065 According to Dale and Chall (1949) state that “Readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it at an optimum speed, and find it interesting” (p. 23). Readability is used to refer to the ease with which a reader can read and understand text. From the definition above, it can be assumed that readability is formulae for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, typically three or more sentences that comprise a paragraph and a person’s language or reading abilities. Vocabulary (e.g., typically assessed by word familiarity and/or the number of letters or syllables within a word) and syntax (e.g., typically assessed by sentence and paragraph length and/or sentence and passage complexity). Adopted from : Dale and Chall (1949). Readability Test. Retrieved from : http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf
7. READABILITY TEST Name : SRI MAHDALENA Student’s Number : 29 NIM : 08 25 065 According to Dale and Chall (1949) state that “Readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it at an optimum speed, and find it interesting” (p. 23). Readability is used to refer to the ease with which a reader can read and understand text. From the definition above, it can be assumed that readability is formulae for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, typically three or more sentences that comprise a paragraph and a person’s language or reading abilities. Vocabulary (e.g., typically assessed by word familiarity and/or the number of letters or syllables within a word) and syntax (e.g., typically assessed by sentence and paragraph length and/or sentence and passage complexity). Adopted from : Dale and Chall (1949). Readability Test. Retrieved from : http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf
Cheryl Stephens (2000, 1) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. From his definition, it can be assumed that readability test is a kind of test which is designed to help us measuring which text is appropriate for each level. For example, by using the readability test, we as a teacher can know which text is appropriate for our student’s level, so that when we use it in our teaching and learning process, our students will comprehend it easily.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl . 2000. All About Readability. Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html.
Jhon Pikulski(2002:1) states that Readability is s the Level of ease or difficulty with which text material can be understood by a particular reader who is reading that text for a specific purpose. So, it can be assumed that Readability test is designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. and it can be used an approximate indication.
According to Cheryl Stephens (2000.1) Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
So from Stephens’ description can be concluded that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, If we want to know how effective the text is, and in what level it should be.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl (2000.1) All About Readability Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
VII. READABILITY TEST Cheryl Stephens (2006) states that Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. According to library.gnome article, the main function of readability tests is to give a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell how easily a reader can understand the information in the text, such as Gunning Fog, Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid.
From the expert’s explanation above can be assumed Readability Test is designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text.
REFERENCES - Adopted from: Cheryl Stephens (2006). All About Readability. Retrieved from : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html - Adopted from: Library.gnome Article. Readability Tests. Retrieved from : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Readibility Test According to Geoffrey Marnell (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
NAME : RISNA JUMARIA No :16 Cheryl Stephens states readability is the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability is a way to assess or measure the reading ease which text is appropriate for each level. Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl . 2000. All About Readability. Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html.
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens (2000:1) ,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl (2000:1) All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens (2000:1) ,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl (2000:1) All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Klare (1984) state that readability test scores were related to: 1. the probability of readers actually reading a piece of text completely, 2. the amount of information remembered by readers, 3. the length of time taken to read a passage, and 4. readers’ ratings of difficulty
From the definition, It can be assumed that readability test is a way of ensuring that the level and complexity of language used is appropriate for the intended audience.
For example : Reading title : On the Boardwalk Today Watch out for Woompoo Pigeons
Readability Consensus Based on 8 readability formulas, we have scored your text: Grade Level: 8 Reading Level: fairly easy to read. Reader's Age: 12-14 yrs. old (Seventh and Eighth graders)
Woompoo pigeons may be active around the Centre today as mates and nesting sites are being sorted out. Listen for their human-like call “wollack-a-woo” whilst on the walk. Although magnificently coloured they may be hard to spot. Woompoos have a burgundy chest, light grey head and irridescent green wings splashed with yellow . . . . . not your average shopping mall pigeon! They live entirely on the canopy and never come to the ground, although they may be observed noisily feeding in the lower branches of a favourite fruiting tree.
Adopted from : Woods Barbara, Gianna Moscardo and Tanya Greenwood.(1998). A Critical Review of Readability and ComprehensibilityTests. Retrieved from : www.jcu.edu.au/.../jcudev_012662.pdf
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure or to determine reading understanding in a text . Adopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability. Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure and to determine reading understanding in a text . Adopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability. Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure and to determine reading understanding in a text . Adopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability. Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
Definition of Readability test by Rudolf Flesch (a man who found a fairly simple test)
Readability Tests are designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
It can be assumed that readability test is designed to show how easy or difficult a text is to read, readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage.
Example :
Microsoft Word has this tool built in, but you have to go through the grammar check first. I found an online tool that does the same thing without a grammar check, so I tested it with three paragraphs of text. The first test is Reading Ease:
The first score we calculated was the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease.The text scored 82.20 on this scale (a higher score indicates easier readability; scores go from 0 to 100).
So that's good to know! The rest of the test is to do with Grade Level. There are a few tests it goes through so it comes up with an average: The second set of scores all return a "grade level", based on the USA education system. A grade level is equivalent to the number of years of education a person has had. Scores over 22 should generally be taken to mean graduate level text.
And the results are... Readability Formula Grade Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level 4.60 Gunning-Fog Score 6.80 Coleman-Liau Index 9.30 SMOG Index 5.30 Automated Readability Index 4.40 Average Grade Level 6.08
The Flesch-Kincaid score is a little lower than I expected at fourth grade level (ages 9-10), but the average 6.08 score is just right for sixth grade (ages 11-12). This also suits adults who are kids at heart! Overall my results are 4th-6th grades with one 9th grade.
Ade Jims ( 2000 : 1 )say that Readability test is formulated for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. From that definition, it can be asumed that Readability test often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing.
Adopted from : Adea Jims. ( 2008-2012)1. Readibility test. Retrived from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability_test
Cheryl Stephens (2000.1) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for knowing whic materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a teacher wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for junior high school, so it can be helpful.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl (2000.1) All About Readability, retrieved from: http:/file://localhost/D:/smstr%208/EXTNSV%20R/Readibility%20Test.html
NOVALYA LAYUNG SARI NO: 36 Michigan Bar Journal (2009:1) states that Readability tests are one way to evaluate how understandable your writing is. They are the product of some 80 years of research and are widely used in education, the military, health care, the courts and government. readability should be a goal of all careful writers. Lawyers, in particular, need to exercise care so that understand their writing. Today’s word-processing programs have made it almost as easy to assess the readability of a document as it is to check its spelling. Microsoft Word’s word-processing software, for instance, can perform several readability calculations in the blink of an eye. Word’s readability statistics are a useful final check on several factors affecting the clarity of a document. They include average sentence length, the percentage of passive-voice sentences, overall readability, and grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability test is to determine understanding of reading for each level. Adopted from: Michigan Bar Journal (2009:1). The readability test. Retrieved from: http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1467.pdf By Norman Otto Stockmeyer
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : VEBY Number : 23 VII. READABILITY TEST Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) state that Readability is the measure of how easy it is to read and comprehend a document. Readability tests were first developed in the 1920s in the United States. They are mathematical formulas, designed to determine the suitability of books for American students at a certain age, or grade level. Rudolph Flesch and his Flesch Reading Ease Formula inspired Edgar Dale and Jeanne Chall to revolutionize the way most people perceive documents. Dale and Chall created The Dale-Chall Formula for adults and children above 4th grade as a way to improve upon the Flesch Reading Ease Formula. The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula Compute the following equation: Raw Score = 0.1579 * (PDW) + 0.0496 * ASL Raw Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 3rd grade or below. PDW = Percentage of Difficult Words ASL = Average Sentence Length in words If (PDW) is greater than 5%, then: Adjusted Score = Raw Score + 3.6365, otherwise Adjusted Score = Raw Score Adjusted Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 4th grade or above. Step 5: Use the following table to get the Adjusted Grade Level: ADJUSTED SCORE GRADE LEVEL 4.9 and Below Grade 4 and Below 5.0 to 5.9 Grades 5 - 6 6.0 to 6.9 Grades 7 - 8 7.0 to 7.9 Grades 9 - 10 8.0 to 8.9 Grades 11 - 12 9.0 to 9.9 Grades 13 - 15 (College) 10 and Above Grades 16 and Above (College Graduate) It can be assumed that The New Dale-Chall Formula is an accurate readability formula for the simple reason that it is based on the use of familiar words, rather than syllable or letter counts. Reading tests show that readers usually find it easier to read, process and recall a passage if they find the words familiar. Adopted from: Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) Readability Test. Retrieved from: file://localhost/F:/new-dale-chall-readability-formula.php.htm
Name : Isa Nurhayati (01) NIM : 0825023 READABILITY TEST G. Harry McLaughlin (1969) defines readability as: “the degree to which a given class of people find certain reading matter compelling and comprehensible.” This definition stresses the interaction between the text and readers of known levels of skill, knowledge, and interest. In my opinion, simply, the term readability refers to all the factors that affect success in reading and understanding a text and it can be measured. These factors include: 1. The interest and motivation of the reader. 2. The legibility of the print (and of any illustrations). 3. The complexity of words and sentences in relation to the reading ability of the reader. Example : the teacher want to test the students who has different level, so the teacher can choose the text which appropriate with their level. Adopted from : McLaughlin, G. H. 1969. “SMOG grading ‐ a new readability formula,” Journal of reading 22:639‐646. Retreived from : http://english.slss.ie/resources/SMOG_Readability_Formula_G._Harry_McLaughlin_%281969%29.pdf http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/smartlanguage02.pdf
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Readability Tests and Formulas January 14, 2010 - Rob Ackerman
Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text. We do not write the same way for an audience of 14-year olds or marketing specialists, for a scientific meeting or in a consent form in a hospital.
Flesch Kincaid The Flesch Grade Level Readability Formula (Flesch Kincaid) is an enhanced version of the Flesch Reading Ease. It was created by Rudolf Flesch and Co-Authored by John P. Kincaid. This version returns a Grade Level.
Flesch–Kincaid = (0.39 * (Words / Sentences)) + (11.8 * (Syllables / Words)) - 15.59 From the state, it can be assume that Those tests will help you know if your writing meets your audience and your goal. For example: The objective of the research is to discover the level of book discourse readability and comprehension of the book, entitled About Water, My land looks like crackers on top of puree.
READABILITY TEST Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout. George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She writes: Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products. The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success. According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software References Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
George Klare’s, The readability and grade level tests results are only valid according to the language of your text. For the other supported languages, the results given are a mere approximation. John R. bormuth(1967), Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text. From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for measure the abilities and knowing which materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a lecturer wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for teaching learning in class. Adopted from: John R. bormuth(1967), Readability Procedures. Los Angeles: university of California. Retrieved from: http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/ http://cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R004.pdf http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/KlareTest.pdf
George Klare’s, The readability and grade level tests results are only valid according to the language of your text. For the other supported languages, the results given are a mere approximation. John R. bormuth(1967), Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text. From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for measure the abilities and knowing which materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a lecturer wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for teaching learning in class. Adopted from: John R. bormuth(1967), Readability Procedures. Los Angeles: university of California. Retrieved from: http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/ http://cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R004.pdf http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/KlareTest.pdf
According to Sakri (1991: 135) Readability refers to the easy degree of a text to be understood. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985: 238) in Nababan (1999: 62) readability is how easily written materials can be read and understood . From the two definitions it can be assumed that readability test is the way how to measure the text whether it is easy to be read and to be understood or not. It means that before the books is given to the reader or students the books must be checked whether it is suitable to them or not. It based on their level, grade and age.
Adopted from: Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd. Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
According to Sakri (1991: 135) Readability refers to the easy degree of a text to be understood. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985: 238) in Nababan (1999: 62) readability is how easily written materials can be read and understood . From the two definitions it can be assumed that readability test is the way how to measure the text whether it is easy to be read and to be understood or not. It means that before the books is given to the reader or students the books must be checked whether it is suitable to them or not. It based on their level, grade and age.
Adopted from: Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd. Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Name : VEBY Number : 23 VII. READABILITY TEST Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) state that Readability is the measure of how easy it is to read and comprehend a document. Readability tests were first developed in the 1920s in the United States. They are mathematical formulas, designed to determine the suitability of books for American students at a certain age, or grade level. Rudolph Flesch and his Flesch Reading Ease Formula inspired Edgar Dale and Jeanne Chall to revolutionize the way most people perceive documents. Dale and Chall created The Dale-Chall Formula for adults and children above 4th grade as a way to improve upon the Flesch Reading Ease Formula. The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula Compute the following equation: Raw Score = 0.1579 * (PDW) + 0.0496 * ASL Raw Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 3rd grade or below. PDW = Percentage of Difficult Words ASL = Average Sentence Length in words If (PDW) is greater than 5%, then: Adjusted Score = Raw Score + 3.6365, otherwise Adjusted Score = Raw Score Adjusted Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 4th grade or above. Step 5: Use the following table to get the Adjusted Grade Level: ADJUSTED SCORE GRADE LEVEL 4.9 and Below Grade 4 and Below 5.0 to 5.9 Grades 5 - 6 6.0 to 6.9 Grades 7 - 8 7.0 to 7.9 Grades 9 - 10 8.0 to 8.9 Grades 11 - 12 9.0 to 9.9 Grades 13 - 15 (College) 10 and Above Grades 16 and Above (College Graduate) It can be assumed that The New Dale-Chall Formula is an accurate readability formula for the simple reason that it is based on the use of familiar words, rather than syllable or letter counts. Reading tests show that readers usually find it easier to read, process and recall a passage if they find the words familiar. Adopted from: Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) Readability Test. Retrieved from: file://localhost/F:/new-dale-chall-readability-formula.php.htm
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 ) NIM : 08 25 0031 Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Readability Tests Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Readability Tests Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Readability Tests Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Readability Tests Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example: • Gunning Fog Index • Flesch Reading Ease Scale • Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following: 1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W 2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S 3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T 4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4
This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index. Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation. The grade level is calculated with the following formula:
From the state, we assumed that, Reading level algorithm only provide a rough guide, as they tend to reward short sentences made up of short words. Whilst they're rough guides, they can give a useful indication as to whether you've pitched your content at the right level for your intended audience. For example : with readability tests we can account the all of the number or mathematic.
(21) SUSIANA Geoffrey Marnell (p,2) states that Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition above can be assumed that Readability test is Readability is the quality of writing that makes it easy (or difficult) to read and understand. Reference: Geoffrey Marnell (2).Measuring readability.Retrieved from: http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=definition+READABILITY+test&source=web&cd=14&ved=0CF0QFjADOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abelard.com.au%2Freadability%2520statistics.pdf&ei=soPDT62bIMq4rAe-saG6CQ&usg=AFQjCNH1luQ16PqcGeOKRXyErEU2NpuR9g
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that, Readability test which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books.
According to the definition above, it can be assumed that readebility test is a test that designed to help us as a reader easear for simplicity we determine levels suitable for a reading without spending a lot of time. For example, we as a teacher can find out the suitable text for our children using readebility test.
Adopted from Cheryl stephens (2000) Retrived from http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that, Readability test which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books.
According to the definition above, it can be assumed that readebility test is a test that designed to help us as a reader easear for simplicity we determine levels suitable for a reading without spending a lot of time. For example, we as a teacher can find out the suitable text for our children using readebility test.
Adopted from Cheryl stephens (2000) Retrived from http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. Reader can understand text dealing with a Particular topic. While a coastal engineer might easily read a technical report on the topic of tidal erosion, most of us would find the same text incomprehensible. From the definition, it can be assumed readability formulas cannot measure features like interest and enjoyment. Also, when we ask whether text is understood by its reader we are questioning is "comprehensibility". Readability formulas cannot measure how comprehensible a text is.
Novi Kasari (0825043)
ReplyDeleteReadability Tests
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text.
You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example:
• Gunning Fog Index
• Flesch Reading Ease Scale
• Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index
To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following:
1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W
2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S
3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T
4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4
The Gunning Fog Index gives the number of years of education that your reader needs to understand the paragraph. Typically, in technical documentation, aim for a Gunning Fog Index between 10 and 15. The Gunning Fog Index formula implies that short sentences written in plain English achieve a better score than long sentences written in complicated language.
Flesch Reading Ease Scale
Calculate the readability of a passage on the Flesch Reading Ease Scale in the following way:
1. Calculate the average sentence length: L
2. Calculate the average number of syllables per word: N
3. Calculate the score between 0 and 00%.
The higher the score, the easier the text is to understand. Aim to maximize the score. The Flesch Reading Ease Scale measures readability as follows:
100 Very easy to read. Average sentence length is 12 words or less. No words of more than two syllables.
65 Plain English. Average sentence length is 15 to 20 words. Average word has two syllables.
0 Extremely difficult to read. Average sentence length is 37 words. Average word has more than two syllables.
Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch Readability Test. In this link, Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information.
Flesch-Kincaid Index
This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation.
Reference
Retrieved from: http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Novi Kasari (0825043)
ReplyDeleteReadability Tests
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text.
You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example:
• Gunning Fog Index
• Flesch Reading Ease Scale
• Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index
To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following:
1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W
2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S
3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T
4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4
The Gunning Fog Index gives the number of years of education that your reader needs to understand the paragraph. Typically, in technical documentation, aim for a Gunning Fog Index between 10 and 15. The Gunning Fog Index formula implies that short sentences written in plain English achieve a better score than long sentences written in complicated language.
Flesch Reading Ease Scale
Calculate the readability of a passage on the Flesch Reading Ease Scale in the following way:
1. Calculate the average sentence length: L
2. Calculate the average number of syllables per word: N
3. Calculate the score between 0 and 00%.
The higher the score, the easier the text is to understand. Aim to maximize the score. The Flesch Reading Ease Scale measures readability as follows:
100 Very easy to read. Average sentence length is 12 words or less. No words of more than two syllables.
65 Plain English. Average sentence length is 15 to 20 words. Average word has two syllables.
0 Extremely difficult to read. Average sentence length is 37 words. Average word has more than two syllables.
Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch Readability Test. In this link, Rudolf Flesch, the developer of the test, provides some background information.
Flesch-Kincaid Index
This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation.
Reference
Retrieved from: http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Name : Yovfita
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 058 (24)
Subject : Extensive Reading
Lecturer : Holandyah, M.Pd
VII. READABILITY TEST
J. Gilland (1972) states that readability test Readability tests are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability test is all the factors that affect success in reading and understanding a text. For example: We do not write the same way for an audience of 14-year olds or marketing specialists, for a scientific meeting.
Adopted From : Gilland, J. (1972). Readability. (University of London Press).
Retrieved From: http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/
25. Yuniasari
ReplyDelete1. Dale and Chall (1949: 23) state that readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it.
2. Cheryl Stephens states readability is the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
3. Johnson Kinder & Bur Suck (1993) state that readability tests do not measure a reader’s background knowledge or elucidate whether the texts are interesting, well written, well organized, or appropriate for the reader.
From the definition, it can be assumed that readability is a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences.
Retrieved from: http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf
Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
NAMA : AKHIROTUL FAIZATIN NISA'
DeleteNIM : 0825004
NO : 4
READABILITY TEST
According to Cheryl Stephens(2000) state that readability describe which a document can be read readability tests which are mathematical formulas were designed to assess the suitability of the books for students at particular grade level or ages.
From definition it can be assumed that readability tests to assess the suitability of books for students which the educator can make decision about advisability of books for students.
Adopted from : Stephens Cheryl.(2000),Readability test. Retrieved from : http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/stephens/readability.html.
7 Hasan Sadiqin
DeleteReadability test
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
From the definition it can be assumed that readability test is to help a teacher to choose the appropriate test for different student’s level.
Adopted from : Stephens Cheryl.(2000),Readability test. Retrieved from : http://www.plainlanguagenetwork.org/stephens/readability.html
Nadya Nur’aini (31)
DeleteReadibility Test
Geoffrey Marnell (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Emaliana Hidayati/35
ReplyDeleteNo : 08 25 703
Cheryl Stephens ( 1920:1) state that readability tests is mathematical equations which correlate measurable elements of writing - such as the number of personal pronouns in the text, the average number of syllables in words or number of words in sentences in the text.
It can be assume that readability test is mathematical formulas, designed to measure the suitability students at a certain age, or grade level.
Adopted from : Stephens,cheryl.1920. All About Readability. retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Nadya Nur’aini (31)
DeleteReadibility Test
Geoffrey Marnell on The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Pebrianti/39
ReplyDeleteN0: 08 25 709
Cheryl Stephens (1920: 1 )state that Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books. These people were taking books already written and figuring out who were the appropriate reading groups.
It can be assumed that readability tests is mathematical equations which correlate measurable elements of writing in the text.
Adopted from : Stephens,cheryl.1920. All About Readability. retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Rian Puspita Sarie
ReplyDeleteNIM : 0825048
NO : 15
READABILITY TEST
Sakri states that Readability refers to the asy degree of a text to be understood (Sakri, 1993:135) in Nababan (1999P62. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985:238) in Nababan (1999P62) readability text how easy written materials can be read an understood.
Donald state that Readability means understandability. The more readable a document is, the more easily it can be understood
E. Dale and J.S. Chall state that Readability is the sum total (including all the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affect the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it an optimal speed, and find it interesting.”
From that explanation, we can assume that readability text is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. Readability tests give a prediction as to how difficult readers will find a particular text. For, example, we measure a text to our student. So that our student can read the text easily.
Adapted from : Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd.
Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
Editing Technical Writing, by Donald C. Samson Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, p. 58.
E. Dale and J.S. Chall, “The concept of readability”, quoted in William H. DuBay, Smart Language: Readers, Readability, and the Grading of Text, Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA, 2007, p. 6.
Retrieved from : http://www.scribd.com/doc/59427992/Readability-Theory
http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
Name : Rian Puspita Sarie
ReplyDeleteNIM : 0825048
NO : 15
READABILITY TEST
Sakri states that Readability refers to the asy degree of a text to be understood (Sakri, 1993:135) in Nababan (1999P62. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985:238) in Nababan (1999P62) readability text how easy written materials can be read an understood.
Donald state that Readability means understandability. The more readable a document is, the more easily it can be understood
E. Dale and J.S. Chall state that Readability is the sum total (including all the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affect the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it an optimal speed, and find it interesting.”
From that explanation, we can assume that readability text is a way to measure a text for how easy it is to read. Readability tests give a prediction as to how difficult readers will find a particular text. For, example, we measure a text to our student. So that our student can read the text easily.
Adapted from : Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd.
Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
Editing Technical Writing, by Donald C. Samson Jr., Oxford University Press, New York, 1993, p. 58.
E. Dale and J.S. Chall, “The concept of readability”, quoted in William H. DuBay, Smart Language: Readers, Readability, and the Grading of Text, Impact Information, Costa Mesa, CA, 2007, p. 6.
Retrieved from : http://www.scribd.com/doc/59427992/Readability-Theory
http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
7. READABILITY TEST
ReplyDeleteName : SRI MAHDALENA
Student’s Number : 29
NIM : 08 25 065
According to Dale and Chall (1949) state that “Readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it at an optimum speed, and find it interesting” (p. 23). Readability is used to refer to the ease with which a reader can read and understand text. From the definition above, it can be assumed that readability is formulae for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, typically three or more sentences that comprise a paragraph and a person’s language or reading abilities. Vocabulary (e.g., typically assessed by word familiarity and/or the number of letters or syllables within a word) and syntax (e.g., typically assessed by sentence and paragraph length and/or sentence and passage complexity).
Adopted from : Dale and Chall (1949). Readability Test. Retrieved from : http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf
7. READABILITY TEST
ReplyDeleteName : SRI MAHDALENA
Student’s Number : 29
NIM : 08 25 065
According to Dale and Chall (1949) state that “Readability is the sum total (including the interactions) of all those elements within a given piece of printed material that affects the success a group of readers have with it. The success is the extent to which they understand it, read it at an optimum speed, and find it interesting” (p. 23). Readability is used to refer to the ease with which a reader can read and understand text. From the definition above, it can be assumed that readability is formulae for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, typically three or more sentences that comprise a paragraph and a person’s language or reading abilities. Vocabulary (e.g., typically assessed by word familiarity and/or the number of letters or syllables within a word) and syntax (e.g., typically assessed by sentence and paragraph length and/or sentence and passage complexity).
Adopted from : Dale and Chall (1949). Readability Test. Retrieved from : http://faculty.education.ufl.edu/toaklandold/readability.pdf
Name : Haritsah Sani
ReplyDeleteNo : 6
Cheryl Stephens (2000, 1) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
From his definition, it can be assumed that readability test is a kind of test which is designed to help us measuring which text is appropriate for each level. For example, by using the readability test, we as a teacher can know which text is appropriate for our student’s level, so that when we use it in our teaching and learning process, our students will comprehend it easily.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl . 2000. All About Readability. Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html.
Number : 10
ReplyDeleteName : MAWADDAH MD
Jhon Pikulski(2002:1) states that Readability is s the Level of ease or difficulty with which text material can be understood by a particular reader who is reading that text for a specific purpose. So, it can be assumed that Readability test is designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. and it can be used an approximate indication.
Adopted from: Pikulski,Jhon(2002:1)Readability.Retrieved from:http://www.eduplac
Retrieved from:http//www.eduplace.com/state/author/pikulski.pdf
ReplyDeleteName : Indriyani
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 022
No. : 09
READABILITY TESTS
According to Cheryl Stephens (2000.1) Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
So from Stephens’ description can be concluded that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. For example, If we want to know how effective the text is, and in what level it should be.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl (2000.1) All About Readability
Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
PBI 08A
ReplyDeleteName : AISYAH RAIDA CENDIKA
Number : 03
VII. READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2006) states that Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests. According to library.gnome article, the main function of readability tests is to give a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell how easily a reader can understand the information in the text, such as Gunning Fog, Flesch Reading Ease, and Flesch-Kincaid.
From the expert’s explanation above can be assumed Readability Test is designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text.
REFERENCES
- Adopted from: Cheryl Stephens (2006). All About Readability. Retrieved from : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
- Adopted from: Library.gnome Article. Readability Tests. Retrieved from : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Nadya Nur’aini (31)
ReplyDeleteReadibility Test
According to Geoffrey Marnell (p, 2) states that readability, like usability, is one of the central themes in the quest for good writing. Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability tests were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. For example, ten years ago the International Reading Association and the U.S. National Council of Teachers of English were advising members against uncritical use of readability tests to assess educational materials. At about the same time, two government reports in England validated the accuracy and reliability of the tests.
Adopted from: Marnell, Geoffrey (Part 1, page 2). The spirit is willing but the Flesch is weak. Retrieved from:http://www.abelard.com.au/readability%20statistics.pdf
NAME : RISNA JUMARIA
ReplyDeleteNo :16
Cheryl Stephens states readability is the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
From the definition, it can be assumed that readability is a way to assess or measure the reading ease which text is appropriate for each level.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl . 2000. All About Readability. Retrieved from: http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html.
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens (2000:1) ,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl (2000:1) All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens (2000:1) ,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl (2000:1) All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
13. Raudah Tul Jannah
ReplyDeleteReadability Test
Klare (1984) state that readability test scores were related to:
1. the probability of readers actually reading a piece of text completely,
2. the amount of information remembered by readers,
3. the length of time taken to read a passage, and
4. readers’ ratings of difficulty
From the definition, It can be assumed that readability test is a way of ensuring that the level and complexity of language used is appropriate for the intended audience.
For example :
Reading title : On the Boardwalk Today Watch out for Woompoo Pigeons
Readability Consensus
Based on 8 readability formulas, we have scored your text:
Grade Level: 8
Reading Level: fairly easy to read.
Reader's Age: 12-14 yrs. old (Seventh and Eighth graders)
Woompoo pigeons may be active around the Centre today as mates and nesting sites are being sorted out. Listen for their human-like call “wollack-a-woo” whilst on the walk. Although magnificently coloured they may be hard to spot. Woompoos have a burgundy chest, light grey head and irridescent green wings splashed with yellow . . . . . not your average shopping mall pigeon! They live entirely on the canopy and never come to the ground, although they may be observed noisily feeding in the lower branches of a favourite fruiting tree.
Adopted from : Woods Barbara, Gianna Moscardo and Tanya Greenwood.(1998). A Critical Review of Readability and ComprehensibilityTests. Retrieved from : www.jcu.edu.au/.../jcudev_012662.pdf
NAME : HERLINA (30)
ReplyDeleteREADABILITY TEST.
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure or to determine reading understanding in a text .
Adopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability.
Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure and to determine reading understanding in a text .
ReplyDeleteAdopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability.
Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
HERLINA (30)
ReplyDeleteREADABILY TEST
Flesch, Rudolf. (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). States that readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage of contemporary academic English. There are two tests, the Flesch Reading Ease, and the Flesch–Kincaid Grade Level. Although they use the same score measures (word length and sentence length), they have different weighting factors, so the results of the two tests correlate approximately inversely: a text with a comparatively high score on the Reading Ease test should have a lower score on the Grade Level test...from the definotion it can be asssumed readability test is a way to measure and to determine reading understanding in a text .
Adopted From: Rudolf Flesch (8 May 1911 – 5 October 1986). Readability.
Retrieved From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Flesch.
22. Tia Pramaditha.AR
ReplyDelete0825055
Definition of Readability test by Rudolf Flesch (a man who found a fairly simple test)
Readability Tests are designed to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
It can be assumed that readability test is designed to show how easy or difficult a text is to read, readability tests are designed to indicate comprehension difficulty when reading a passage.
Example :
Microsoft Word has this tool built in, but you have to go through the grammar check first. I found an online tool that does the same thing without a grammar check, so I tested it with three paragraphs of text. The first test is Reading Ease:
The first score we calculated was the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease.The text scored 82.20 on this scale (a higher score indicates easier readability; scores go from 0 to 100).
So that's good to know! The rest of the test is to do with Grade Level. There are a few tests it goes through so it comes up with an average:
The second set of scores all return a "grade level", based on the USA education system. A grade level is equivalent to the number of years of education a person has had. Scores over 22 should generally be taken to mean graduate level text.
And the results are...
Readability Formula Grade
Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level 4.60
Gunning-Fog Score 6.80
Coleman-Liau Index 9.30
SMOG Index 5.30
Automated Readability Index 4.40
Average Grade Level 6.08
The Flesch-Kincaid score is a little lower than I expected at fourth grade level (ages 9-10), but the average 6.08 score is just right for sixth grade (ages 11-12). This also suits adults who are kids at heart! Overall my results are 4th-6th grades with one 9th grade.
Retrieved from :
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/readability-test.html
http://www.unearthlytales.com/readability-test.html
http://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/flesch-kincaid-index.html
http://davidsimpson.me/2009/02/07/online-readability-test/
http://thecreativegenie.com.au/effective-writing/applying-readability-tests-to-a-document/
NAME : ROMIANA PUSPA ( 08-25-071 )
ReplyDeleteNUMBER : 32
Ade Jims ( 2000 : 1 )say that Readability test is formulated for evaluating the readability of text, usually by counting syllables, words, and sentences. From that definition, it can be asumed that Readability test often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing.
Adopted from : Adea Jims. ( 2008-2012)1. Readibility test.
Retrived from : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Readability_test
28. Eko Saputra
ReplyDelete(0825-064)
READABILY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000.1) states that readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for knowing whic materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a teacher wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for junior high school, so it can be helpful.
Adopted from: Stephens, Cheryl (2000.1) All About Readability, retrieved from: http:/file://localhost/D:/smstr%208/EXTNSV%20R/Readibility%20Test.html
NOVALYA LAYUNG SARI
ReplyDeleteNO: 36
Michigan Bar Journal (2009:1) states that Readability tests are one way to evaluate how understandable your writing is. They are the product of some 80 years of research and are widely used in education, the military, health care, the courts and government. readability should be a goal of all careful writers. Lawyers, in particular, need to exercise care so that understand their writing. Today’s word-processing programs have made it almost as easy to assess the readability of a document as it is to check its spelling. Microsoft Word’s word-processing software, for instance, can perform several readability calculations in the blink of an eye. Word’s readability statistics are a useful final check on several factors affecting the clarity of a document. They include average sentence length, the percentage of passive-voice sentences, overall readability, and grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that readability test is to determine understanding of reading for each level.
Adopted from: Michigan Bar Journal (2009:1). The readability test. Retrieved from: http://www.michbar.org/journal/pdf/pdf4article1467.pdf By Norman Otto Stockmeyer
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : VEBY
ReplyDeleteNumber : 23
VII. READABILITY TEST
Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) state that Readability is the measure of how easy it is to read and comprehend a document. Readability tests were first developed in the 1920s in the United States. They are mathematical formulas, designed to determine the suitability of books for American students at a certain age, or grade level. Rudolph Flesch and his Flesch Reading Ease Formula inspired Edgar Dale and Jeanne Chall to revolutionize the way most people perceive documents. Dale and Chall created The Dale-Chall Formula for adults and children above 4th grade as a way to improve upon the Flesch Reading Ease Formula.
The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula
Compute the following equation:
Raw Score = 0.1579 * (PDW) + 0.0496 * ASL
Raw Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 3rd grade or below.
PDW = Percentage of Difficult Words
ASL = Average Sentence Length in words
If (PDW) is greater than 5%, then:
Adjusted Score = Raw Score + 3.6365, otherwise Adjusted Score = Raw Score
Adjusted Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 4th grade or above.
Step 5: Use the following table to get the Adjusted Grade Level:
ADJUSTED SCORE GRADE LEVEL
4.9 and Below Grade 4 and Below
5.0 to 5.9 Grades 5 - 6
6.0 to 6.9 Grades 7 - 8
7.0 to 7.9 Grades 9 - 10
8.0 to 8.9 Grades 11 - 12
9.0 to 9.9 Grades 13 - 15 (College)
10 and Above Grades 16 and Above (College Graduate)
It can be assumed that The New Dale-Chall Formula is an accurate readability formula for the simple reason that it is based on the use of familiar words, rather than syllable or letter counts. Reading tests show that readers usually find it easier to read, process and recall a passage if they find the words familiar.
Adopted from: Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) Readability Test. Retrieved from: file://localhost/F:/new-dale-chall-readability-formula.php.htm
Name : Isa Nurhayati (01)
ReplyDeleteNIM : 0825023
READABILITY TEST
G. Harry McLaughlin (1969) defines readability as: “the degree to which a given class of people find certain reading matter compelling and comprehensible.” This definition stresses the interaction between the text and readers of known levels of skill, knowledge, and interest. In my opinion, simply, the term readability refers to all the factors that affect success in reading and understanding a text and it can be measured.
These factors include:
1. The interest and motivation of the reader.
2. The legibility of the print (and of any illustrations).
3. The complexity of words and sentences in relation to the reading ability of the reader.
Example : the teacher want to test the students who has different level, so the teacher can choose the text which appropriate with their level.
Adopted from :
McLaughlin, G. H. 1969. “SMOG grading ‐ a new readability formula,” Journal of reading 22:639‐646.
Retreived from :
http://english.slss.ie/resources/SMOG_Readability_Formula_G._Harry_McLaughlin_%281969%29.pdf
http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/newsletter/smartlanguage02.pdf
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
Name : Lili Marlini
ReplyDeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
12. NOVI KASARI (0825043)
ReplyDeleteReadability Tests and Formulas
January 14, 2010
- Rob Ackerman
Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text.
We do not write the same way for an audience of 14-year olds or marketing specialists, for a scientific meeting or in a consent form in a hospital.
Flesch Kincaid
The Flesch Grade Level Readability Formula (Flesch Kincaid) is an enhanced version of the Flesch Reading Ease. It was created by Rudolf Flesch and Co-Authored by John P. Kincaid. This version returns a Grade Level.
Flesch–Kincaid = (0.39 * (Words / Sentences)) + (11.8 * (Syllables / Words)) - 15.59
From the state, it can be assume that Those tests will help you know if your writing meets your audience and your goal.
For example: The objective of the research is to discover the level of book discourse readability and comprehension of the book, entitled About Water, My land looks like crackers on top of puree.
Reference :
Ackerman, Rob. (January 14, 2010). Readability Tests and Formulas. Retrieved From: http://www.ideosity.com/ideosphere/seo-information/readability-tests
Name : Lili Marlini
DeleteNim : 08250029
No : 18
READABILITY TEST
Readability is what makes some texts easier to read than others. It is often confused with legibility, which concerns typeface and layout.
George Klare (1963) defines readability as “the ease of understanding or comprehension due to the style of writing.” This definition focuses on writing The variables used in the readability formulas show us the skeleton of a text. It is up to us to flesh out that skeleton with tone, content, organization, coherence, and design.
Gretchen Hargis of IBM (2000) states that readability research has
made us very aware of what we “write at the level of words and sentences.” She
writes:
Technical writers have accepted the limited benefit that these measurements offer in giving a rough sense of the difficulty of material.We have also assimilated readability as an aspect of the quality of information through its pervasiveness in areas such as task orientation, completeness, clarity, style, and visual effectiveness. We have put into practice, through user-centered design, ways to stay focused on the needs of our audience and their problems in using the information or assistance that we provide with computer products.
The research on literacy has made us aware of the limited reading abilities of many in our audience. The research on readability has made us aware of the many factors affecting their success in reading. The readability formulas, when used properly, help us increase the chances of that success.
According Cheryl Stephens,Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software
References
Adopted from: Klare George (1963) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Hargis Gretchen (2000) The Principles of Readability Retreived From: http://www.nald.ca/library/research/readab/readab.pdf
Stephens Cheryl All About Readability Retreived From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_S._Gray
George Klare’s, The readability and grade level tests results are only valid according to the language of your text. For the other supported languages, the results given are a mere approximation.
ReplyDeleteJohn R. bormuth(1967), Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text.
From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for measure the abilities and knowing which materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a lecturer wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for teaching learning in class.
Adopted from: John R. bormuth(1967), Readability Procedures. Los Angeles: university of California.
Retrieved from:
http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/
http://cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R004.pdf
http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/KlareTest.pdf
George Klare’s, The readability and grade level tests results are only valid according to the language of your text. For the other supported languages, the results given are a mere approximation.
ReplyDeleteJohn R. bormuth(1967), Readability tests and readability metrics are a way to measure the reading ease, comprehension, retention, reading speed, and reading persistence of a text.
From the definition it can be assumed that readability is used for measure the abilities and knowing which materials or books are suitable for students based on their own grade, levels, and ages. For example, a lecturer wants to decide which one of texts is suitable for teaching learning in class.
Adopted from: John R. bormuth(1967), Readability Procedures. Los Angeles: university of California.
Retrieved from:
http://www.mancko.com/readability-tests/en/
http://cse.ucla.edu/products/reports/R004.pdf
http://www.impact-information.com/impactinfo/KlareTest.pdf
NAME : ARRI ARDILLA
ReplyDeleteNO : 33
READABILITY TEST.
According to Sakri (1991: 135) Readability refers to the easy degree of a text to be understood. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985: 238) in Nababan (1999: 62) readability is how easily written materials can be read and understood . From the two definitions it can be assumed that readability test is the way how to measure the text whether it is easy to be read and to be understood or not. It means that before the books is given to the reader or students the books must be checked whether it is suitable to them or not. It based on their level, grade and age.
Adopted from: Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd.
Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
Retrieved from: file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/HOME/My%20Documents/Downloads/Readability-Theory.htm
NAME : ARRI ARDILLA
ReplyDeleteNO : 33
READABILITY TEST.
According to Sakri (1991: 135) Readability refers to the easy degree of a text to be understood. The same definition stated by Richard et al (1985: 238) in Nababan (1999: 62) readability is how easily written materials can be read and understood . From the two definitions it can be assumed that readability test is the way how to measure the text whether it is easy to be read and to be understood or not. It means that before the books is given to the reader or students the books must be checked whether it is suitable to them or not. It based on their level, grade and age.
Adopted from: Brisilio, Richard W. 1976. Translation application and research. England: Roviledge and Co. Ltd.
Nababn, M. R. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar Offset.
Retrieved from: file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/HOME/My%20Documents/Downloads/Readability-Theory.htm
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Name : VEBY
ReplyDeleteNumber : 23
VII. READABILITY TEST
Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) state that Readability is the measure of how easy it is to read and comprehend a document. Readability tests were first developed in the 1920s in the United States. They are mathematical formulas, designed to determine the suitability of books for American students at a certain age, or grade level. Rudolph Flesch and his Flesch Reading Ease Formula inspired Edgar Dale and Jeanne Chall to revolutionize the way most people perceive documents. Dale and Chall created The Dale-Chall Formula for adults and children above 4th grade as a way to improve upon the Flesch Reading Ease Formula.
The New Dale-Chall Readability Formula
Compute the following equation:
Raw Score = 0.1579 * (PDW) + 0.0496 * ASL
Raw Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 3rd grade or below.
PDW = Percentage of Difficult Words
ASL = Average Sentence Length in words
If (PDW) is greater than 5%, then:
Adjusted Score = Raw Score + 3.6365, otherwise Adjusted Score = Raw Score
Adjusted Score = Reading Grade of a reader who can comprehend your text at 4th grade or above.
Step 5: Use the following table to get the Adjusted Grade Level:
ADJUSTED SCORE GRADE LEVEL
4.9 and Below Grade 4 and Below
5.0 to 5.9 Grades 5 - 6
6.0 to 6.9 Grades 7 - 8
7.0 to 7.9 Grades 9 - 10
8.0 to 8.9 Grades 11 - 12
9.0 to 9.9 Grades 13 - 15 (College)
10 and Above Grades 16 and Above (College Graduate)
It can be assumed that The New Dale-Chall Formula is an accurate readability formula for the simple reason that it is based on the use of familiar words, rather than syllable or letter counts. Reading tests show that readers usually find it easier to read, process and recall a passage if they find the words familiar.
Adopted from: Dale Edgar and Chall Jeanne (1948: 1) Readability Test. Retrieved from: file://localhost/F:/new-dale-chall-readability-formula.php.htm
Name : Maghfiroh ( 11 )
ReplyDeleteNIM : 08 25 0031
Subject : Extensive Reading
READABILITY TEST
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that Readability tests are often used as an alternative to conducting an actual statistical survey of human readers of the subject text (a readability survey). Word processing applications often have readability tests built-in, which can be deployed on documents in-editing. And also to give a statistical analysis of the difficulty of a text. While any attempt to reduce language use, which is inherently creative, to statistics can be criticized, readability tests can be used to give an approximate indication.
Adopted From : © 2000 Cheryl Stephens. All About Readability.
Retrieved From : http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Endang susilo (05)
ReplyDeleteNim:08-25-011
Readability Tests
Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests.
for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests
Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
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Name : Endang Susilo
ReplyDeleteNim :08-25-011
no : 05
Readability Tests
Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests.
for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests
Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Name : Endang Susilo
ReplyDeleteNim : 08-25-011
No : 05
Readability Tests
Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests.
for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests
Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Name : Endang Susilo
ReplyDeleteNim : 08-25-011
No : 05
Readability Tests
Red Hat (2005:01) state that The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text. You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software.so ,it can be assumed that Readability tests can be performed manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or be referring to a chart or graph. Readability tests can be performed by computer. Most grammar or editing software today can perform several readability tests.
for example: a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Adopted From : Red Hat (2005:01) Readability Tests
Retrieved From : http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
Name : ROSITA
ReplyDeleteNim :0825051
Readability Tests
The main function of readability tests is to give you a quick assessment about the density of your writing. Readability tests cannot tell you how easily a reader can understand the information in the text.
You can perform readability tests manually by counting and doing a mathematical calculation, or by using word-processing software. There are several popular readability indexes, for example:
• Gunning Fog Index
• Flesch Reading Ease Scale
• Flesch-Kincaid Grade Index
Gunning Fog Index
To calculate the Gunning Fog Index of a passage, do the following:
1. Count the number of words in the paragraph: W
2. Count the number of sentences in the paragraph: S
3. Count the number of words of three syllables or more: T
4. Apply the following formula: [W/S + T/(Wx100)] x 0.4
This index computes readability based on the average number of syllables per word and the average number of words per sentence. The score indicates the number of years of combined primary and secondary education that a reader needs to understand a text. For example, a score of 8.0 means that you can understand the text after eight years of combined primary and secondary education. Standard writing achieves around 7.0 to 8.0 on the Flesch-Kincaid Index.
Click on the following link to find out more about the Flesch-Kincaid Index and other readability tests. Although this web page deals with textbooks, you can also apply the concepts to technical documentation.
The grade level is calculated with the following formula:
From the state, we assumed that, Reading level algorithm only provide a rough guide, as they tend to reward short sentences made up of short words. Whilst they're rough guides, they can give a useful indication as to whether you've pitched your content at the right level for your intended audience.
For example : with readability tests we can account the all of the number or mathematic.
Reference
Retrieved from: http://developer.gnome.org/gdp-style-guide/stable/usability-readability.html.en
(21) SUSIANA
ReplyDeleteGeoffrey Marnell (p,2) states that Readability has two common meanings, one applying to document design, the other to language. Readability as it is applied to document design is concerned with such matters as line length, leading, white space, font type and the like. Readability as it is applied to language is concerned with the comprehensibility or understandability of a piece of written text.
From the definition above can be assumed that Readability test is Readability is the quality of writing that makes it easy (or difficult) to read and understand.
Reference: Geoffrey Marnell (2).Measuring readability.Retrieved from: http://www.google.co.id/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=definition+READABILITY+test&source=web&cd=14&ved=0CF0QFjADOAo&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abelard.com.au%2Freadability%2520statistics.pdf&ei=soPDT62bIMq4rAe-saG6CQ&usg=AFQjCNH1luQ16PqcGeOKRXyErEU2NpuR9g
Name: Azka Ridho
ReplyDeleteNim: 0825702 (34)
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
References
adopted from: Sisson, Melanie, 2007, Readability Tests, Merion Matters, Pennsylvania,
Retrieved from: http://audiology.advanceweb.com/Article/Readability-Tests.aspx
Name: Azka Ridho
ReplyDeleteNim: 0825702 (34)
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
References
adopted from: Sisson, Melanie, 2007, Readability Tests, Merion Matters, Pennsylvania,
Retrieved from: http://audiology.advanceweb.com/Article/Readability-Tests.aspx
Name: Azka Ridho
ReplyDeleteNim: 0825702 (34)
Sisson (2007) states that Readability test was originally created to evaluate the feasibility of books for students at a particular age or grade level. From the definition, it can be assumed that the test of legibility is a measure used to examine the suitability and compatibility tests to be used and given to the student.
References
adopted from: Sisson, Melanie, 2007, Readability Tests, Merion Matters, Pennsylvania,
Retrieved from: http://audiology.advanceweb.com/Article/Readability-Tests.aspx
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete27. Husnur Rusydi
ReplyDelete0825 063
Readability test
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that, Readability test which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books.
According to the definition above, it can be assumed that readebility test is a test that designed to help us as a reader easear for simplicity we determine levels suitable for a reading without spending a lot of time.
For example, we as a teacher can find out the suitable text for our children using readebility test.
Adopted from Cheryl stephens (2000)
Retrived from http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
27. Husnur Rusydi
ReplyDelete0825 063
Readability test
Cheryl Stephens (2000) states that, Readability test which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages.The tests were intended to help educators, librarians and publishers make decisions about purchase and sale of books. They were also meant to save time - because before the formula were used those decisions were made on recommendations of educators and librarians who read the books.
According to the definition above, it can be assumed that readebility test is a test that designed to help us as a reader easear for simplicity we determine levels suitable for a reading without spending a lot of time.
For example, we as a teacher can find out the suitable text for our children using readebility test.
Adopted from Cheryl stephens (2000)
Retrived from http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
Readability describes the ease with which a document can be read. Readability tests, which are mathematical formulas, were designed to assess the suitability of books for students at particular grade levels or ages. Reader can understand text dealing with a Particular topic. While a coastal engineer might easily read a technical report on the topic of tidal erosion, most of us would find the same text incomprehensible.
ReplyDeleteFrom the definition, it can be assumed readability formulas cannot measure features like interest and enjoyment. Also, when we ask whether text is understood by its reader we are questioning is "comprehensibility". Readability formulas cannot measure how comprehensible a text is.
Adopted from: Pikulski, John J, Ph.D. Readability. Houghton Mifflin
Retrieved from:
http://plainlanguage.com/newreadability.html
http://www.eduplace.com/state/author/pikulski.pdf