Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Dictionary. Com (2012) Word is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb. For example : go (verb), beatiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb) Richard Nordquist. 2006 Morpheme is A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words). Dr. L. Keep weeeler. 2012 A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. For example : reading the book, beautiful flower, etc.
Weeler, keep. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. Accessed on February, 14th 2012 Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on February, 14th 2012 Nordquist, Richard. 2006. Morpheme. Available on:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed on February, 14th 2012
Wikipedia(2012), In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). About.com(2004),A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. wisegeek.com(2003-2012),the linguistics branch concerned with the internal structure of words, a morpheme is the very smallest meaningful linguistic unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is categorized depending on how it combines with other morphemes in order to create a word.
References: Wikipedia(2012),word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word . Accessed on: 15th, February 2012. About.com 2004. What is a phrase?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accessed on: 15th, February 2012. Wisegeek.com(2003-2012). What is a morpheme?. Available on:http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-morpheme.htm. Accessed on: 15th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.(2012). In language, a word is the smallest free form that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a compound (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I threw a rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too but he missed). The term word may refer to a spoken word or to a written word, or sometimes to the abstract concept behind either. Spoken words are made up of units of sound called phonemes, and written words of symbols called graphemes, such as the letters of the English alphabet.
Nordquist, Richard.(2012). Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
Mills,Kirsten.(1998). Morpheme is a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word. Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.
Nordquist,Richard.(2012). Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Wheeler,kip.(2012). A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. The following are examples of phrases: • leaving behind the dog • smashing into a fence • before the first test • after the devastation • between ignorance and intelligence • broken into thousands of pieces • because of her glittering smile In these examples above, you will find nouns (dog, fence, test, devastation, ignorance, intelligence, thousands, pieces). You also have some verbals (leaving, smashing), but in no case is the noun functioning as a subject doing a predicate verb. They are all phrases.
References:
Wikipedia.com.2012.Definition Word. Available On: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word Accessed On: February 11 th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On: http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm Accessed On: February 11 th 2012.
Mills,Kirsten.(1998).Morpheme.Available On: http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Phrase. Available On: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phrase.htm Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Kip wheeler.2012. Clauses and Phrases. Available On: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. example : buyer,buying,buy. Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone(Free or bound morpheme). Example : ing, ed,(bound) buy(free) EnglishPlus.(2006) A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression. Example : put the laptop, kick on the bucket. References
English Plus. 2006.phrase. Available on: http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html#ixzz1mRY2Z0R9. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Payne, Thomas E. 1997a.Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 413 pages. Hardback $64.95; paperback $24.95.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. accessed on: 14 february 2012. Wikipedia. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme and http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme Andrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Classification of morpheme. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Derivational and inflectional Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional. • Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind. • Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited. Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language. Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012 Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. example : buyer,buying,buy. Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone(Free or bound morpheme). Example : ing, ed,(bound) buy(free) EnglishPlus.(2006) A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression. Example : put the laptop, kick on the bucket. References
English Plus. 2006.phrase. Available on: http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html#ixzz1mRY2Z0R9. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Payne, Thomas E. 1997a.Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 413 pages. Hardback $64.95; paperback $24.95.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. accessed on: 14 february 2012. Wikipedia. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme and http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Morpheme Answer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them. • Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse). • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry. Word Wikipedia (2012) In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a compound (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I threw a rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too but he missed). The term word may refer to a spoken word or to a written word, or sometimes to the abstract concept behind either. Spoken words are made up of units of sound called phonemes, and written words of symbols called graphemes, such as the letters of the English alphabet. Phrase Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. Phrases can be identified by constituency tests such as substitution (=replacement). For instance, the prepositional phrase at the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby: the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun phrase, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQPy94Jt http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
WORD A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme , or several, whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). Every word comprises one or more morphem. For example: oh!, rock, swimming, call, careless, dreamed, dolls, etc.
MORPHEME Morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. A Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. A word can contain more than one morpheme: Morpheme is divided into two characteristics, as follow: 1. Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical. Words that have meaning by themselves are called lexical morphemes. The words that function to specify the relationship between one lexical morpheme and another word like ( in, on, at, -ed, -s) are called grammatical morphemes. Eg: food, doll, boy (lexical) At, in, on (grammatical)
2. Bound morpheme can occur only in combination, they are parts of a word. They may be lexical such as (include, exclude) and may be grammatical such as ( boys, dogs,dolls).
PHRASE A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in thesyntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. For example : 1. He loves me 2. Don’t be lazy
REFFERENCES http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accessed on 5 January 2004. Wikipedia.2012.Morpheme.available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accessed on 6 February 2012. Wikipedia.2012.Phrase.Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on 9 february 2012.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 8 TASK 8: 15 FEB 2012 Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
American heritage dictionary (2012). Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.
Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Mills, Kirsten. (1998) & edited by Canada, Mark morpheme: a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word.
Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.
English Plus (1997-2006) A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. Example : black box, white car, etc
REFERENCE :
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. access on : February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
Mills, Kirsten(writer) & Canada, Mark(editor). 1998. Morphemes. Avaible on : http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.html. access on: February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
English plus. 1997-2006. Phrase. Avaible on : http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.html. access on : February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase ?
In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). Classification of words Content words Function words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes) Lexicon = the vocabulary of a language Lexicology = the study of a language's vocabulary Morphology = the study of how words are built IS THE SMALLEST SIGN IN LANGUAGE THE WORD? NO. APPLE REREADING RE + READ + ING
Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Free morphemes can occur alone and bound morphemes must occur with another morpheme. An example of a free morpheme is "bad", and an example of a bound morpheme is "ly." It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme to produce a word. Affixes are often the bound morpheme.There are two categories of affixes: derivational and inflectional. This group includes prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes. Following are examples of each of these: Prefix: re- added to do produces redo Suffix: -or added to edit produces editor Infix: -um- added to fikas (strong) produces fumikas (to be strong) in Bontoc Circumfix: ge- and -t to lieb (love) produces geliebt (loved) in German Definition A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
Allowance may be made on a theory-specific basis for single-word, minimal instances of phrases. Example: A noun as a minimal instance of a noun phrase.
Kinds Here are some kinds of phrases: • What is an adpositional phrase? • What is a noun phrase? • What is a pronominal? • What is a verb phrase?
A phrase is a kind of • What is a construction?
Phrase structure rules describe how phrases are formed and in what order. These rules define the following: Noun Phrase (NP) (Det.) (Adj.) Noun (PP) Verb Phrase (VP) Verb (NP) (PP) Prepositional Phrase (PP) Prep. NP Sentence (S) NP VP
Reference: Ielanguages.com. 2011. Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language. Available on: http://www.ielanguages.com/linguist.html. accesed on 16 February 2012 Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. SIGNS, WORDS, MORPHEMES, MORPHOLOGY. Available on: http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. accesd on 16 February 2012 Sil.org. 2004. what is a phrase?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. accesed on 16 February 2012 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2012. word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. accesd on 16 February 2012
a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). The ease or difficulty of deciphering a word depends on the language. Dictionaries categorize a language's lexicon (i.e., its vocabulary) into lemmas. These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a "word" in the opinion of the writers of that language.
Morphemes can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less consonant meaning and more of less consonant from, ( ‘more or less’ because… see below). For example : linguistics say that the word buyers is made up of three morphemes buyers = {buy}+{er}+{s}
Verb one who person an action (plu)”more then one”
a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.[1] This "phrase" is more commonly classified as a full subordinate clause and therefore many grammars would not label it as a phrase. If one follows the reasoning of heads and dependents, however, then subordinate clauses should indeed qualify as phrases. Most theories of syntax see most if not all phrases as having a head. Sometimes, however, non-headed phrases are acknowledged. If a phrase lacks a head, it is known as exocentric, whereas phrases with heads are endocentric. For example : before that happened - Subordinator phrase (SP)
REFERENCE
-Kroeger, Paul 2005. Analyzing grammar: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. -http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase -Aronoff, mark. 1976.word formation-grammar. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press.
Word is a collection of some of the letters are combined and has a specific meaning or intent.
Example: “TAKE” from “T-A-K-E”, it means that carry something or somebody or cause somebody to go from one place to another.
Dictionary.com defined word as a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. Words are composed of one or more morphemes and are either the smallest units susceptible of independent use or consist of two or three such units combined under certain conditions.
Morpheme
Education.com defined morpheme as the smallest unit of a language that still retains meaning. For example, sun cannot be divided into smaller units of sound that retain meaning. However, by adding another morpheme, the suffix -y (as well as employing consonant doubling), we can make a new word, sunny.
free morpheme
Richard Nordquist defined free morpheme as a morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word.
Example: cat, bird, dog, etc. bound morpheme
Richard Nordquist also defined a morpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word.
Example: cats, birds, dog, etc.
Phrase
Richard Nordquist defined phrase as any small group of words within a sentence or a clause and consisting of two or more words that do not exceed the limit function.
Example: yesterday morning,
References:
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Education.com. 2006. Morpheme. Available on: http://www.education.com/definition/morpheme/. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. bound morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/boundmorphterm.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. free morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phrase.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
A word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). Word is a series of words letter by letter and becomes a word..
Ex : “MAKE” from M-A¬-K-E
Morphemes
A morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own According to the book that I read is divided into two morphemes
1.Free morphemes are those can stand alone as word. Ex : drive, dog , table and chair.
2.Bound morphemes are those that can not stand alone as word. Ex : Buys, buyers, plays , player.
Phrase
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.
Ex : honesty is the best policy
• Adjective Phrase "It is always the best policy to speak the truth--unless, of course, you are an exceptionally good liar."(Jerome K. Jerome)
• Adverb Phrase "Movements born in hatred very quickly take on the characteristics of the thing they oppose."(J. S. Habgood)
• Gerund Phrase "Failing the exam was a major disappointment to him, to me and to Eva."(Judith Hubback, From Dawn to Dusk)
• Noun Phrase "Buy a big bright green pleasure machine!" (Paul Simon)
References:
Answer.com. 2012. Example of-phrase sentence?. available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Example_of-phrase_sentence. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Paker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. London. Brown and company
web.cn.edu. 2012. Clauses and Phrases. available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Word. available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
MORPHEME Richard Nordquist (2006) Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word. (such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. • Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
Answer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. • Free morphemes can function independently as words • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes
Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone (Free or bound morpheme)
WORDS Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. • Example: buyer,buying,buy.
American heritage dictionary (2012) Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes. • Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Dictionary. Com (2012) Word is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb. • Example : go (verb), beautiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb)
PHRASE Nordquist Richard.(2012) Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
Reference: Answer.com.2012. Morphems.Available On:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr Access on : February, 15th 2012
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on February, 15th 2012
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. Access on : February, 15th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed On: February 15 th 2012
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Available On: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. Accessed on: 15th february 2012
Wikipedia.com.2012. Phrase.Avaible on : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase Access on : February, 15th 2012
Words, Morpheme and Phrase brainyquote.com (2012) : Word is The spoken sign of a conception or an idea; an articulate or vocal sound, or a combination of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas; a single component part of human speech or language; a constituent part of a sentence; a term; a vocable. A word is a letter or group of letters that has meaning when spoken or written. Parker (1946) : Word - the smallest free-standing sign in language Classification of words a. Content words extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes) b. Function words grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes)
Parker (1946) : A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. Morpheme – is also the smallest sign in language (smallest form with a specific meaning) PROBLEMS IN DEFINING THE MORPHEME HOMOMORPHS - morphemes with same form but different meanings -ER1 (comparative): fat(t) + er -ER2 (human agent): work + er -ER3 (inanimate instrument): screwdriv(e) + er CRANBERRY MORPH: appears only in a single word, like "ham" in hammer, also: uncouth, huckleberry, lukewarm, knowledge ALLOMORPHS = forms with the same meaning but slightly different sound-shapes, and the difference is predictable sincere/sincerity, confuse/confusion, use/usury CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES 1. According to their position in the word: root, prefix, suffix, prefix + root + suffix, infix, Circumfixlakna. AFFIX TYPES: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix, agglutination: affixes don't change form when combined simple fusion: at least one of the morphemes changes form: confuse -> confus+ion, able -> abil+ity, long -> leng+th symbolic fusion: tooth -> teeth, run -> ran, take -> took, use (the noun) -> use (the verb) 2. Types of affixes: Derivational affixes make new words by adding concrete meanings to old words: -er, -ess -hood, -ive, -ness, re-, un- , etc. Inflectional affixes make different grammatical forms of the same word. English has only 8 productive inflections: 3 for verbs: -ed, -s, -ing 3 for nouns: -s, -'s -'s 2 for adjectives: -er, -est
3. Classification according to whether morpheme = word FREE = most roots in English, but: adept, inept (BOUND ROOT) BOUND = most prefixes and suffixes 4. Classifying words according to morpheme structure Simple words- a single morpheme: house, I, the, off, salamander Complex words - root + at least 1 affix: worker, reread, retelling Compound words - 2 roots: ashtray, mailbox, lazybones
englishplus.com (2012): Phrase is A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase. englishplus.com (2006): A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. They can be Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (AP), Adverb Phrase (AdvP), Prepositional Phrase (PP).
brainyquote.com . 2012. Words. Available on:http://www.brainyquote.com/words/wo/word240447.html. Accessed on: 13th February 2012. Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for non-Linguistics. Taylor and Francis. Ltd: London. brainyquote.com . 2012. Words. Available on:http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html. Accessed on: 13th February 2012. englishplus.com. 2012. Grammar. Available on:http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 13th February 2012.
1 February 2012 In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). 6 February 2012 In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. Examples • "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done"). • Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/). 5 January 2004 phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads. The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.) There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
1 February 2012 In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). 6 February 2012 In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. Examples • "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done"). • Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/). 5 January 2004 phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads. The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.) There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
MORPHEME According to Richard Nordquist (2006) Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word. (such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. • Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
In the other hand, Answer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. • Free morphemes can function independently as words • Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes
Furthermore, Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone (Free or bound morpheme)
WORDS According to Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. • Example: buyer,buying,buy.
Furthermore, American heritage dictionary (2012) explains, Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes. • Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Dictionary. Com (2012) said that, Word is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb. • Example : go (verb), beautiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb)
PHRASE In Nordquist Richard.(2012) ‘s opinion, Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Furthermore, Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
Reference: Answer.com.2012. Morphems.Available On:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr Access on : February, 15th 2012
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on February, 15th 2012
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. Access on : February, 15th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed On: February 15 th 2012
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Available On: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. Accessed on: 15th february 2012
Wikipedia.com.2012. Phrase.Avaible on : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase Access on : February, 15th 2012
1 February 2012 In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). 6 February 2012 In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. Examples • "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done"). • Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/). 5 January 2004 phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads. The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.) There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 8 TASK 8: 15 FEB 2012 Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
A. WORD From en. wikipedia.org (2012): In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
B. MORPHEME From en.wikipedia.org (2012): In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. The most basic units of meaning are simple words (e.g.: dog, yes and swim) or the elements of complex words (e.g.: un- -happi- and -ness in unhappiness). These basic elements are called morphemes, and the study of how they are combined in words is morphology.
C. PHRASE From eriding.net (2000): Phrase is a useful all-purpose name for any short sequence of words (or even a single word, considered as an element in the structure of a clause or sentence), especially a grouping which could be replaced by a single word. A phrase which works like, or equates to, a noun is a noun phrase, one which qualifies a verb is an adverb phrase and so on.
Noun phrases The noun phrase (NP) is the main construction which can be the object, subject or complement of a clause. It must contain a noun or noun-like word (such as a pronoun) which is the main element, and which is called the head. It may contain other elements, either before or after the head. These could include predeterminers, determiners, postdeterminers, premodifiers and postmodifiers. The examples in the table below show how noun phrases can grow in length, while their structure remains fairly clear.
Adjective phrases These are usually formed from an intensifier, followed by the head (an adjective, shown in bold below). Examples include very happy, not too awkward, and cold enough. They may also be formed from an adjective and a verb construction, such as easy to please, loath to do it.
Adverb phrases These are intensifying expressions formed from an intensifier (optional), followed by the head (an adverb, shown in bold below), followed by a postmodifier (optional). Examples would be: terribly slowly, very happily indeed, exceptionally carefully, completely utterly dangerously, quite often and very soon.
REFERENCES: Wikipedia.org. 2012. Word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
Moore, Andrew. 2000. Kinds and Functions of Words. Available on: http://www.eriding.net/amoore/lang/engstruct.htm. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. It is sometimes identifiable according to such criteria as • being the minimal possible unit in a reply • having features such as o a regular stress pattern, and o phonological changes conditioned by or blocked at word boundaries • being the largest unit resistant to insertion of new constituents within its boundaries, or • being the smallest constituent that can be moved within a sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical. A word is sometimes placed, in a hierarchy of grammatical constituents, above the morpheme level and below the phrase level. Examples: buy, cat, eat, drink, go, flowers, etc. Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words).e.g. understand, go, dark, happy, etc. and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).e.g. –able, -ly, un-, -er, etc. A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. The following are examples of phrases: • leaving behind the dog • smashing into a fence • before the first test • after the devastation • between ignorance and intelligence • broken into thousands of pieces • because of her glittering smile In these examples above, you will find nouns (dog, fence, test, devastation, ignorance, intelligence, thousands, pieces). You also have some verbals (leaving, smashing), but in no case is the noun functioning as a subject doing a predicate verb. They are all phrases. REFERENCES: International,SIL. 2004. What is a word?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAWord.htm. Accessed on: February 17, 2012 Nordquist, Richard. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed on: February 17, 2012 Wheeler, kip.L. 1998. Clause and Phrases. Available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. Accessed on: February 17, 2012
MORPHEME A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes. Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”) Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997) WORD Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com) Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing. PHRASE A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004) Example : “ the end of the street “ .
MORPHEME A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes. Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”) Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997) WORD Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com) Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing. PHRASE A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004) Example : “ the end of the street “ .
REFERENCES: Payne T, 1997.availableon: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm .access on 18 february 2012 Dictionary.reference.com.available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.18 february 2012 Eugene E. Loos.2004.available on:http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm .access on: 18 february 2012
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
Morpheme • A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Examples of morpheme: • One morpheme boy (one syllable) desire, lady, water (two syllables) crocodile (three syllables) salamander (four syllables), or more syllables • Two morpheme boy + ish desire + able • Three morpheme boy + ish + ness desire + able + ity • Four morpheme gentle + man + li + ness un + desire + able + ity • More than four un + gentle + man + li + ness anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism
The relationship between morphemes and words. • Humans can understand words that have never been heard before • Human can also create new words • For example, a writable CD a rewritable CD an unrewritable CD
Phrase a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause. A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. Examples: A noun as a minimal instance of a noun phrase.
The house at the end of the street is red. The words in bold form a phrase; together they act like a noun. This phrase can further be broken down insofar as a prepositional phrase functioning as an adjective can be identified: at the end of the street Further, a smaller prepositional phrase can be identified inside this greater prepositional phrase: of the street And within the greater prepositional phrase, one can identify a noun phrase: the end of the street
TASK 8 Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
WORD From en. wikipedia.org (2012): In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
MORPHEME A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning. Example: un+system+atic+al+ly
PHRASE A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate. Example: Examine the following sentence: The house at the end of the street is red. The words in bold form a phrase; together they act like a noun. This phrase can further be broken down insofar as a prepositional phrase functioning as an adjective can be identified: at the end of the street Further, a smaller prepositional phrase can be identified inside this greater prepositional phrase: of the street And within the greater prepositional phrase, one can identify a noun phrase: the end of the street Phrases can be identified by constituency tests such as proform substitution (=replacement). For instance, the prepositional phrase at the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby: the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun phrase, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
REFERENCE: Wikipedia.org. 2012. Word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Slideshare.net. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://www.slideshare.net/moniozy/morphemes. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org.2012. Phrase. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
MORPHEME A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes. Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”) Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997)
WORD Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com) Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing.
PHRASE A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004) Phrase can have many different functions in a sentence. They are used as subjects, objects, complements, modifiers, or adverbials. (Richard Nordquist, 2012) A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase. Example: noun phrase has a noun as its head. The modifiers may be: He carry the bag ; “the” in here as a noun phrase adjective of phrase : new computer ; “new” in here as adjective adverbial phrase: “disgustingly” preposition phrase : at home; the prep. Phrase is “at”
References: Payne T, 1997.availableon: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm .access on 18 february 2012 Dictionary.reference.com.available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.18 february 2012 Eugene E. Loos.2004.available on:http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm .access on: 18 february 2012
morpheme The smallest unit in the grammar of a language. Often, morphemes are associated with a constant group of unchanging sounds (or letters in written text An important point: a morpheme is not the same as a syllable. In the example above, we have three morphemes which happen to coincide with three syllables. With the word generate, however, we have three syllables, but a single morpheme. Morphemes are categorized on several different levels. Here are some of the most important distinctions: Bound morpheme vs. free morpheme A free morpheme can stand alone as a word example above is a free morpheme. A bound morpheme must always be joined to another morpheme in a word to give an un- + fair + -ness y. A free morpheme, which is often called an unbound morpheme, is a linguistic unit that is able to stand alone as a word without another morpheme attached to it. Fr wxample:cat A word is a letter or group of letters that has meaning when spoken or written. (noun) An example of a word is dog. A phrase is two or more words that express an idea and are a part of a sentence. (noun) An example of phrase is "went to the store." Phrase means to express in words. (verb) An example of phrase is to compose an apology.
References: wordwizard.com. 2012. Morpheme. . Available on: http://www.wordwizard.com/tools/dictionary/index.php?mode=item&content_id=3586 Accessed on: 21th, february. 2012 yourdictionary.com.2012. word. Available on: http://www.yourdictionary.com/word. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
yourdictionary.com . 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://www.yourdictionary.com/phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Dictionary. Com (2012)
ReplyDeleteWord is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb.
For example : go (verb), beatiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb)
Richard Nordquist. 2006
Morpheme is A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
Dr. L. Keep weeeler. 2012
A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. For example : reading the book, beautiful flower, etc.
Weeler, keep. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. Accessed on February, 14th 2012
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on February, 14th 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2006. Morpheme. Available on:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed on February, 14th 2012
Wikipedia(2012), In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning).
ReplyDeleteAbout.com(2004),A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
wisegeek.com(2003-2012),the linguistics branch concerned with the internal structure of words, a morpheme is the very smallest meaningful linguistic unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is categorized depending on how it combines with other morphemes in order to create a word.
References:
Wikipedia(2012),word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word . Accessed on: 15th, February 2012.
About.com 2004. What is a phrase?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accessed on: 15th, February 2012.
Wisegeek.com(2003-2012). What is a morpheme?. Available on:http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-morpheme.htm. Accessed on: 15th, February 2012.
Nama : Resti. R.
ReplyDeleteNim : 09250051
Wikipedia.(2012). In language, a word is the smallest free form that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a compound (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I threw a rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too but he missed). The term word may refer to a spoken word or to a written word, or sometimes to the abstract concept behind either. Spoken words are made up of units of sound called phonemes, and written words of symbols called graphemes, such as the letters of the English alphabet.
Nordquist, Richard.(2012). Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
Mills,Kirsten.(1998). Morpheme is a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word. Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.
Nordquist,Richard.(2012). Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Wheeler,kip.(2012). A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. The following are examples of phrases:
• leaving behind the dog
• smashing into a fence
• before the first test
• after the devastation
• between ignorance and intelligence
• broken into thousands of pieces
• because of her glittering smile
In these examples above, you will find nouns (dog, fence, test, devastation, ignorance, intelligence, thousands, pieces). You also have some verbals (leaving, smashing), but in no case is the noun functioning as a subject doing a predicate verb. They are all phrases.
References:
Wikipedia.com.2012.Definition Word. Available On: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word Accessed On: February 11 th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On: http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm Accessed On: February 11 th 2012.
Mills,Kirsten.(1998).Morpheme.Available On: http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.htm Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Phrase. Available On: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phrase.htm Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Kip wheeler.2012. Clauses and Phrases. Available On: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html Accessed On: February 11th 2012.
Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. example : buyer,buying,buy.
ReplyDeleteThomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone(Free or bound morpheme). Example : ing, ed,(bound) buy(free)
EnglishPlus.(2006) A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression. Example : put the laptop, kick on the bucket.
References
English Plus. 2006.phrase. Available on: http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html#ixzz1mRY2Z0R9. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Payne, Thomas E. 1997a.Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 413 pages. Hardback $64.95; paperback $24.95.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Wikipedia. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
and http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAndrew, Spencer (1992). A morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
So, A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning.
Classification of morpheme.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Derivational and inflectional
Bound morphemes can be further classified as derivational or inflectional.
• Derivational morphemes, when combined with a root, change either the semantic meaning or part of speech of the affected word. For example, in the word happiness, the addition of the bound morpheme -ness to the root happy changes the word from an adjective (happy) to a noun (happiness). In the word unkind, un- functions as a derivational morpheme, for it inverts the meaning of the word formed by the root kind.
• Inflectional morphemes modify a verb's tense or a noun's number without affecting the word's meaning or class. Examples of applying inflectional morphemes to words are adding -s to the root dog to form dogs and adding -ed to wait to form waited.
Leonard Bloomfield(1887-1949) Word is the smallest free-standing sign in language.
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
A phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
For example, the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
References
Bloomfield, Leonard(1887-1949) -- defined the word as a minimal free form. Available on:.http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Spencer, Andrew (1992). Morphological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell.
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Wikipedia.Whatisphrase.Available on:.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_%28linguistics%29. Accssed on 14 February 2012
Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes. example : buyer,buying,buy.
ReplyDeleteThomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone(Free or bound morpheme). Example : ing, ed,(bound) buy(free)
EnglishPlus.(2006) A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression. Example : put the laptop, kick on the bucket.
References
English Plus. 2006.phrase. Available on: http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html#ixzz1mRY2Z0R9. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Payne, Thomas E. 1997a.Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 413 pages. Hardback $64.95; paperback $24.95.http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm. accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Wikipedia. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
and http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 14 february 2012.
Morpheme
ReplyDeleteAnswer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound. These categories are mutually exclusive, and as such, a given morpheme will belong to exactly one of them.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words (e.g. town, dog) and can appear with other lexemes (e.g. town hall, doghouse).
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes. For example, un- appears only accompanied by other morphemes to form a word. Most bound morphemes in English are affixes, particularly prefixes and suffixes. Bound morphemes that are not affixes are called cranberry morphemes, their nomenclature derived from the bound, non-affix function of cran- in the word cranberry.
Word
Wikipedia (2012) In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
A complex word will typically include a root and one or more affixes (rock-s, red-ness, quick-ly, run-ning, un-expect-ed), or more than one root in a compound (black-board, rat-race). Words can be put together to build larger elements of language, such as phrases (a red rock), clauses (I threw a rock), and sentences (He threw a rock too but he missed).
The term word may refer to a spoken word or to a written word, or sometimes to the abstract concept behind either. Spoken words are made up of units of sound called phonemes, and written words of symbols called graphemes, such as the letters of the English alphabet.
Phrase
Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
Phrases can be identified by constituency tests such as substitution (=replacement). For instance, the prepositional phrase at the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby: the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun phrase, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr
Read more: http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQPy94Jt
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
WORD, MORPHEME AND PHRASE
ReplyDeleteWORD
A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme , or several, whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). Every word comprises one or more morphem.
For example:
oh!, rock, swimming, call, careless, dreamed, dolls, etc.
MORPHEME
Morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. A Morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning. A word can contain more than one morpheme:
Morpheme is divided into two characteristics, as follow:
1. Free morphemes are those that can stand alone as words. They may be lexical or grammatical. Words that have meaning by themselves are called lexical morphemes. The words that function to specify the relationship between one lexical morpheme and another word like ( in, on, at, -ed, -s) are called grammatical morphemes.
Eg: food, doll, boy (lexical)
At, in, on (grammatical)
2. Bound morpheme can occur only in combination, they are parts of a word. They may be lexical such as (include, exclude) and may be grammatical such as ( boys, dogs,dolls).
PHRASE
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause. a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in thesyntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
For example :
1. He loves me
2. Don’t be lazy
REFFERENCES
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. Accessed on 5
January 2004.
Wikipedia.2012.Morpheme.available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme.
Accessed on 6 February 2012.
Wikipedia.2012.Phrase.Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on 9 february 2012.
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 8
ReplyDeleteTASK 8: 15 FEB 2012
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
American heritage dictionary (2012).
Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.
Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Mills, Kirsten. (1998) & edited by Canada, Mark
morpheme: a combination of sounds that have a meaning. A morpheme does not necessarily have to be a word.
Example: the word cats has two morphemes. Cat is a morpheme, and s is a morpheme. Every morpheme is either a base or an affix. An affix can be either a prefix or a suffix. Cat is the base morpheme, and s is a suffix.
English Plus (1997-2006)
A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought.
Example : black box, white car, etc
REFERENCE :
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. access on : February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
Mills, Kirsten(writer) & Canada, Mark(editor). 1998. Morphemes. Avaible on : http://www.uncp.edu/home/canada/work/caneng/morpheme.html. access on: February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
English plus. 1997-2006. Phrase. Avaible on : http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.html. access on : February, 16th 2012 ; 07:50 am
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase ?
ReplyDeleteIn language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
Classification of words
Content words Function words
extra-linguistic meaning
nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives
(open classes) grammatical "glue"
linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions
(closed classes)
Lexicon = the vocabulary of a language
Lexicology = the study of a language's vocabulary
Morphology = the study of how words are built
IS THE SMALLEST SIGN IN LANGUAGE THE WORD? NO.
APPLE
REREADING
RE + READ + ING
Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot be subdivided further. There are two main types: free and bound. Free morphemes can occur alone and bound morphemes must occur with another morpheme. An example of a free morpheme is "bad", and an example of a bound morpheme is "ly." It is bound because although it has meaning, it cannot stand alone. It must be attached to another morpheme to produce a word.
Affixes are often the bound morpheme.There are two categories of affixes: derivational and inflectional. This group includes prefixes, suffixes, infixes, and circumfixes.
Following are examples of each of these:
Prefix: re- added to do produces redo
Suffix: -or added to edit produces editor
Infix: -um- added to fikas (strong) produces fumikas (to be strong) in Bontoc
Circumfix: ge- and -t to lieb (love) produces geliebt (loved) in German
Definition
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
Allowance may be made on a theory-specific basis for single-word, minimal instances of phrases.
Example: A noun as a minimal instance of a noun phrase.
Kinds
Here are some kinds of phrases:
• What is an adpositional phrase?
• What is a noun phrase?
• What is a pronominal?
• What is a verb phrase?
A phrase is a kind of
• What is a construction?
Phrase structure rules describe how phrases are formed and in what order. These rules define the following:
Noun Phrase (NP) (Det.) (Adj.) Noun (PP)
Verb Phrase (VP) Verb (NP) (PP)
Prepositional Phrase (PP) Prep. NP
Sentence (S) NP VP
Reference:
Ielanguages.com. 2011. Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language. Available on: http://www.ielanguages.com/linguist.html. accesed on 16 February 2012
Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. SIGNS, WORDS, MORPHEMES, MORPHOLOGY. Available on: http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test1materials/Morphologyoverhead.htm. accesd on 16 February 2012
Sil.org. 2004. what is a phrase?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm. accesed on 16 February 2012
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. 2012. word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. accesd on 16 February 2012
name : rahmi dian putri
ReplyDeleteNim : 0920049
a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed). The ease or difficulty of deciphering a word depends on the language. Dictionaries categorize a language's lexicon (i.e., its vocabulary) into lemmas. These can be taken as an indication of what constitutes a "word" in the opinion of the writers of that language.
Morphemes can be defined as a minimal unit having more or less consonant meaning and more of less consonant from, ( ‘more or less’ because… see below).
For example : linguistics say that the word buyers is made up of three morphemes buyers = {buy}+{er}+{s}
Verb one who person an action (plu)”more then one”
a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.[1]
This "phrase" is more commonly classified as a full subordinate clause and therefore many grammars would not label it as a phrase. If one follows the reasoning of heads and dependents, however, then subordinate clauses should indeed qualify as phrases. Most theories of syntax see most if not all phrases as having a head. Sometimes, however, non-headed phrases are acknowledged. If a phrase lacks a head, it is known as exocentric, whereas phrases with heads are endocentric.
For example : before that happened - Subordinator phrase (SP)
REFERENCE
-Kroeger, Paul 2005. Analyzing grammar: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
-Aronoff, mark. 1976.word formation-grammar. Cambridge, England: Cambridge university press.
Word
ReplyDeleteWord is a collection of some of the letters are combined and has a specific meaning or intent.
Example: “TAKE” from “T-A-K-E”, it means that carry something or somebody or cause somebody to go from one place to another.
Dictionary.com defined word as a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. Words are composed of one or more morphemes and are either the smallest units susceptible of independent use or consist of two or three such units combined under certain conditions.
Morpheme
Education.com defined morpheme as the smallest unit of a language that still retains meaning. For example, sun cannot be divided into smaller units of sound that retain meaning. However, by adding another morpheme, the suffix -y (as well as employing consonant doubling), we can make a new word, sunny.
free morpheme
Richard Nordquist defined free morpheme as a morpheme (or word element) that can stand alone as a word.
Example: cat, bird, dog, etc.
bound morpheme
Richard Nordquist also defined a morpheme (or word element) that cannot stand alone as a word.
Example: cats, birds, dog, etc.
Phrase
Richard Nordquist defined phrase as any small group of words within a sentence or a clause and consisting of two or more words that do not exceed the limit function.
Example: yesterday morning,
References:
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Education.com. 2006. Morpheme. Available on: http://www.education.com/definition/morpheme/. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. bound morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/boundmorphterm.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. free morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/fh/g/freemorphterm.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/phrase.htm. Accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Word
ReplyDeleteA word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning).
Word is a series of words letter by letter and becomes a word..
Ex : “MAKE” from M-A¬-K-E
Morphemes
A morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own
According to the book that I read is divided into two morphemes
1.Free morphemes are those can stand alone as word.
Ex : drive, dog , table and chair.
2.Bound morphemes are those that can not stand alone as word.
Ex : Buys, buyers, plays , player.
Phrase
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb.
Ex : honesty is the best policy
• Adjective Phrase
"It is always the best policy to speak the truth--unless, of course, you are an exceptionally good liar."(Jerome K. Jerome)
• Adverb Phrase
"Movements born in hatred very quickly take on the characteristics of the thing they oppose."(J. S. Habgood)
• Gerund Phrase
"Failing the exam was a major disappointment to him, to me and to Eva."(Judith Hubback, From Dawn to Dusk)
• Noun Phrase
"Buy a big bright green pleasure machine!" (Paul Simon)
References:
Answer.com. 2012. Example of-phrase sentence?. available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Example_of-phrase_sentence. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Paker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. London. Brown and company
web.cn.edu. 2012. Clauses and Phrases. available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2012. Word. available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. accessed on: february 15th, 2012
MORPHEME
ReplyDeleteRichard Nordquist (2006) Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word.
(such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
• Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
Answer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes
Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone (Free or bound morpheme)
WORDS
Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
• Example: buyer,buying,buy.
American heritage dictionary (2012) Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.
• Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Dictionary. Com (2012) Word is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb.
• Example : go (verb), beautiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb)
PHRASE
Nordquist Richard.(2012) Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
Reference:
Answer.com.2012. Morphems.Available On:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr
Access on : February, 15th 2012
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.
Accessed on February, 15th 2012
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. Access on : February, 15th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm.
Accessed On: February 15 th 2012
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Available On: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm.
Accessed on: 15th february 2012
Wikipedia.com.2012. Phrase.Avaible on : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
Access on : February, 15th 2012
Words, Morpheme and Phrase
ReplyDeletebrainyquote.com (2012) : Word is The spoken sign of a conception or an idea; an articulate or vocal sound, or a combination of articulate and vocal sounds, uttered by the human voice, and by custom expressing an idea or ideas; a single component part of human speech or language; a constituent part of a sentence; a term; a vocable. A word is a letter or group of letters that has meaning when spoken or written.
Parker (1946) : Word - the smallest free-standing sign in language
Classification of words
a. Content words
extra-linguistic meaning nouns, full verbs, adverb of manner, adjectives (open classes)
b. Function words
grammatical "glue" linking verbs, adverbs of place/time, pronouns, prepositions, articles, conjunctions (closed classes)
Parker (1946) : A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language.
Morpheme – is also the smallest sign in language (smallest form with a specific meaning)
PROBLEMS IN DEFINING THE MORPHEME
HOMOMORPHS - morphemes with same form but different meanings
-ER1 (comparative): fat(t) + er
-ER2 (human agent): work + er
-ER3 (inanimate instrument): screwdriv(e) + er
CRANBERRY MORPH: appears only in a single word, like "ham" in hammer, also: uncouth, huckleberry, lukewarm, knowledge
ALLOMORPHS = forms with the same meaning but slightly different sound-shapes, and the difference is predictable
sincere/sincerity, confuse/confusion, use/usury
CLASSIFICATION OF MORPHEMES
1. According to their position in the word: root, prefix, suffix, prefix + root + suffix, infix, Circumfixlakna.
AFFIX TYPES: prefix, suffix, infix, circumfix,
agglutination: affixes don't change form when combined
simple fusion: at least one of the morphemes changes form:
confuse -> confus+ion, able -> abil+ity, long -> leng+th
symbolic fusion: tooth -> teeth, run -> ran, take -> took, use (the noun) -> use (the verb)
2. Types of affixes:
Derivational affixes make new words by adding concrete meanings to old words:
-er, -ess -hood, -ive, -ness, re-, un- , etc.
Inflectional affixes make different grammatical forms of the same word. English has only 8 productive inflections:
3 for verbs: -ed, -s, -ing
3 for nouns: -s, -'s -'s
2 for adjectives: -er, -est
3. Classification according to whether morpheme = word
FREE = most roots in English, but: adept, inept (BOUND ROOT)
BOUND = most prefixes and suffixes
4. Classifying words according to morpheme structure
Simple words- a single morpheme: house, I, the, off, salamander
Complex words - root + at least 1 affix: worker, reread, retelling
Compound words - 2 roots: ashtray, mailbox, lazybones
englishplus.com (2012): Phrase is A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase.
englishplus.com (2006): A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. It is a part of a sentence, and does not express a complete thought. They can be Noun Phrase (NP), Verb Phrase (VP), Adjective Phrase (AP), Adverb Phrase (AdvP), Prepositional Phrase (PP).
brainyquote.com . 2012. Words. Available on:http://www.brainyquote.com/words/wo/word240447.html. Accessed on: 13th February 2012.
Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for non-Linguistics. Taylor and Francis. Ltd: London.
brainyquote.com . 2012. Words. Available on:http://www.brainyquote.com/words/ph/phrase202473.html. Accessed on: 13th February 2012.
englishplus.com. 2012. Grammar. Available on:http://englishplus.com/grammar/00000014.htm. Accessed on: 13th February 2012.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete1 February 2012
ReplyDeleteIn language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
6 February 2012
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Examples
• "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done").
• Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/).
5 January 2004
phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads.
The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.)
There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/phrases/phrases.htm
1 February 2012
ReplyDeleteIn language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
6 February 2012
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Examples
• "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done").
• Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/).
5 January 2004
phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads.
The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.)
There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/phrases/phrases.htm
MORPHEME
ReplyDeleteAccording to Richard Nordquist (2006) Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word.
(such as cat) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of cats) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
• Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words) and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).
In the other hand, Answer (2012) In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Every morpheme can be classified as either free or bound.
• Free morphemes can function independently as words
• Bound morphemes appear only as parts of words, always in conjunction with a root and sometimes with other bound morphemes
Furthermore, Thomas payne (1997). A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone (Free or bound morpheme)
WORDS
According to Oxford. Word is written or spoken unit of language. A word is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
• Example: buyer,buying,buy.
Furthermore, American heritage dictionary (2012) explains, Word is a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing, that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes.
• Example : dog, love, mouse, etc
Dictionary. Com (2012) said that, Word is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language. There are 4 main points of words, that is noun, verb, adjective and adverb.
• Example : go (verb), beautiful (adjective), teacher (noun), school (adverb)
PHRASE
In Nordquist Richard.(2012) ‘s opinion, Phrase is any small group of words within a sentence or a clause. A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Furthermore, Wikipedia (2012) In everyday speech, a phrase may refer to any group of words. In linguistics, a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
Reference:
Answer.com.2012. Morphems.Available On:http://www.answers.com/topic/morpheme#ixzz1mQODKpjr
Access on : February, 15th 2012
Dictionary.com. 2012. Word. Available on:http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.
Accessed on February, 15th 2012
Heritage, american dictionary. 2012. Word. Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/word. Access on : February, 15th 2012
Nordquist,Richard.2012. Definition and examples of morphemes. Available On:http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm.
Accessed On: February 15 th 2012
Payne, Thomas E. 1997. Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists. Available On: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/BibliographyLinguistics/PayneT1997A.htm.
Accessed on: 15th february 2012
Wikipedia.com.2012. Phrase.Avaible on : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
Access on : February, 15th 2012
1 February 2012
ReplyDeleteIn language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
6 February 2012
In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
Examples
• "Unbreakable" comprises three morphemes: un- (a bound morpheme signifying "not"), -break- (the root, a free morpheme), and -able (a bound morpheme signifying "can be done").
• Allomorphs of the plural morpheme for regular nouns: /s/ (e.g. in cats /kæts/), /ɨz/ (e.g. in dishes /dɪʃɨz/), and /z/ (e.g. in dogs /dɒɡz/).
5 January 2004
phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
For example, creatures is the head of the strange green creatures with bobbing heads.
The words that expand the head of a phrase are its 'expanders', which are generally the head's modifiers; for example, green modifies creatures. All this means is that green makes the meaning of creatures more precise - instead of meaning simply 'creatures', it means 'green creatures'. (For an expander which is not a modifier see Prepositional phrases.)
There is a useful notation for showing heads and their expanders, in which the head is written higher than the modifiers, showing that it is the 'boss' and the expanders are its assistants, brought in to make the message more precise.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme
http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/dick/tta/phrases/phrases.htm
NAME: NUR AZIZAH ZATMEDIKA
ReplyDeleteNIM: 09250044
PSYCHOLINGUISTICS 8
TASK 8: 15 FEB 2012
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
A. WORD
From en. wikipedia.org (2012): In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
B. MORPHEME
From en.wikipedia.org (2012): In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest semantically meaningful unit in a language. The field of study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology. A morpheme is not identical to a word, and the principal difference between the two is that a morpheme may or may not stand alone, whereas a word, by definition, is a freestanding unit of meaning. Every word comprises one or more morphemes.
The most basic units of meaning are simple words (e.g.: dog, yes and swim) or the elements of complex words (e.g.: un- -happi- and -ness in unhappiness). These basic elements are called morphemes, and the study of how they are combined in words is morphology.
C. PHRASE
From eriding.net (2000): Phrase is a useful all-purpose name for any short sequence of words (or even a single word, considered as an element in the structure of a clause or sentence), especially a grouping which could be replaced by a single word. A phrase which works like, or equates to, a noun is a noun phrase, one which qualifies a verb is an adverb phrase and so on.
Noun phrases
The noun phrase (NP) is the main construction which can be the object, subject or complement of a clause. It must contain a noun or noun-like word (such as a pronoun) which is the main element, and which is called the head. It may contain other elements, either before or after the head. These could include predeterminers, determiners, postdeterminers, premodifiers and postmodifiers. The examples in the table below show how noun phrases can grow in length, while their structure remains fairly clear.
Adjective phrases
These are usually formed from an intensifier, followed by the head (an adjective, shown in bold below). Examples include very happy, not too awkward, and cold enough. They may also be formed from an adjective and a verb construction, such as easy to please, loath to do it.
Adverb phrases
These are intensifying expressions formed from an intensifier (optional), followed by the head (an adverb, shown in bold below), followed by a postmodifier (optional). Examples would be: terribly slowly, very happily indeed, exceptionally carefully, completely utterly dangerously, quite often and very soon.
REFERENCES:
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morpheme. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
Moore, Andrew. 2000. Kinds and Functions of Words. Available on: http://www.eriding.net/amoore/lang/engstruct.htm. Accessed on: 16th, February 2012.
A word is a unit which is a constituent at the phrase level and above. It is sometimes identifiable according to such criteria as
ReplyDelete• being the minimal possible unit in a reply
• having features such as
o a regular stress pattern, and
o phonological changes conditioned by or blocked at word boundaries
• being the largest unit resistant to insertion of new constituents within its boundaries, or
• being the smallest constituent that can be moved within a sentence without making the sentence ungrammatical.
A word is sometimes placed, in a hierarchy of grammatical constituents, above the morpheme level and below the phrase level. Examples: buy, cat, eat, drink, go, flowers, etc.
Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word (such as dog) or a word element (such as the -s at the end of dogs) that can't be divided into smaller meaningful parts. Adjective: morphemic. Morphemes are commonly classified into free morphemes (which can occur as separate words).e.g. understand, go, dark, happy, etc. and bound morphemes (which can't stand alone as words).e.g. –able, -ly, un-, -er, etc.
A phrase is a collection of words that may have nouns or verbals, but it does not have a subject doing a verb. The following are examples of phrases:
• leaving behind the dog
• smashing into a fence
• before the first test
• after the devastation
• between ignorance and intelligence
• broken into thousands of pieces
• because of her glittering smile
In these examples above, you will find nouns (dog, fence, test, devastation, ignorance, intelligence, thousands, pieces). You also have some verbals (leaving, smashing), but in no case is the noun functioning as a subject doing a predicate verb. They are all phrases.
REFERENCES:
International,SIL. 2004. What is a word?. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAWord.htm. Accessed on: February 17, 2012
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphemeterm.htm. Accessed on: February 17, 2012
Wheeler, kip.L. 1998. Clause and Phrases. Available on: http://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/gram_clauses_n_phrases.html. Accessed on: February 17, 2012
MORPHEME
ReplyDeleteA morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes.
Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”)
Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997)
WORD
Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com)
Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing.
PHRASE
A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004)
Example : “ the end of the street “ .
REFERENCES:
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm
MORPHEME
ReplyDeleteA morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes.
Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”)
Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997)
WORD
Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com)
Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing.
PHRASE
A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004)
Example : “ the end of the street “ .
REFERENCES:
Payne T, 1997.availableon: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm .access on 18 february 2012
Dictionary.reference.com.available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.18 february 2012
Eugene E. Loos.2004.available on:http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm .access on: 18 february 2012
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
ReplyDeletea word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
Morpheme
• A meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a word, such as man, or a word element, such as -ed in walked, that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts.
Examples of morpheme:
• One morpheme boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)
salamander (four syllables), or more syllables
• Two morpheme boy + ish
desire + able
• Three morpheme boy + ish + ness
desire + able + ity
• Four morpheme gentle + man + li + ness
un + desire + able + ity
• More than four un + gentle + man + li + ness
anti + dis + establish + ment + ari + an + ism
The relationship between morphemes and words.
• Humans can understand words that
have never been heard before
• Human can also create new words
• For example, a writable CD
a rewritable CD
an unrewritable CD
Phrase
a phrase is a group of words (or sometimes a single word) that form a constituent and so function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence. A phrase is lower on the grammatical hierarchy than a clause.
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
Examples: A noun as a minimal instance of a noun phrase.
The house at the end of the street is red.
The words in bold form a phrase; together they act like a noun. This phrase can further be broken down insofar as a prepositional phrase functioning as an adjective can be identified:
at the end of the street
Further, a smaller prepositional phrase can be identified inside this greater prepositional phrase:
of the street
And within the greater prepositional phrase, one can identify a noun phrase:
the end of the street
References:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase
name: RATMELIA SAPUTRI
ReplyDeleteNIM: 09250050
TASK 8
Explain in a detail about word, morpheme, and phrase!
WORD
From en. wikipedia.org (2012): In language, a word is the smallest element that may be uttered in isolation with semantic or pragmatic content (with literal or practical meaning). This contrasts with a morpheme, which is the smallest unit of meaning but will not necessarily stand on its own. A word may consist of a single morpheme (for example: oh!, rock, red, quick, run, expect), or several (rocks, redness, quickly, running, unexpected), whereas a morpheme may not be able to stand on its own as a word (in the words just mentioned, these are -s, -ness, -ly, -ing, un-, -ed).
MORPHEME
A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.
Example: un+system+atic+al+ly
PHRASE
A phrase is a small group of words that adds meaning to a word. A phrase is not a sentence because it is not a complete idea with a subject and a predicate.
Example:
Examine the following sentence:
The house at the end of the street is red.
The words in bold form a phrase; together they act like a noun. This phrase can further be broken down insofar as a prepositional phrase functioning as an adjective can be identified:
at the end of the street
Further, a smaller prepositional phrase can be identified inside this greater prepositional phrase:
of the street
And within the greater prepositional phrase, one can identify a noun phrase:
the end of the street
Phrases can be identified by constituency tests such as proform substitution (=replacement). For instance, the prepositional phrase at the end of the street could be replaced by an adjective such as nearby: the nearby house or even the house nearby. The end of the street could also be replaced by another noun phrase, such as the crossroads to produce the house at the crossroads.
REFERENCE:
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Word. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Slideshare.net. 2012. Morpheme. Available on: http://www.slideshare.net/moniozy/morphemes. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org.2012. Phrase. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
MORPHEME
ReplyDeleteA morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. It can be affixes.
Example : books ( morpheme= “s”) and buyer ( morpheme = “er”)
Morpheme is divided into two parts , there are “free morpheme , the function can be as words,” and “bound morpheme only as parts of words (root). (Payne T, 1997)
WORD
Word is a group of latter, consisting of one or more spoken sounds, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning. (Dictionary.reference.com)
Example : cat , seller, beautiful, and borrowing.
PHRASE
A phrase is a group of words acting as a single part of speech and not containing both a subject and a verb. (Eugene E. Loos , 2004)
Phrase can have many different functions in a sentence. They are used as subjects, objects, complements, modifiers, or adverbials.
(Richard Nordquist, 2012) A phrase functions as a unit and includes a head (or headword), which determines the type or nature of the phrase.
Example:
noun phrase has a noun as its head. The modifiers may be:
He carry the bag ; “the” in here as a noun phrase
adjective of phrase : new computer ; “new” in here as adjective
adverbial phrase: “disgustingly”
preposition phrase : at home; the prep. Phrase is “at”
References:
Payne T, 1997.availableon: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAMorpheme.htm .access on 18 february 2012
Dictionary.reference.com.available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/word.18 february 2012
Eugene E. Loos.2004.available on:http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsAPhrase.htm .access on: 18 february 2012
nim : 09250054
ReplyDeletemorpheme
The smallest unit in the grammar of a language. Often, morphemes are associated with a constant group of unchanging sounds (or letters in written text
An important point: a morpheme is not the same as a syllable. In the example above, we have three morphemes which happen to coincide with three syllables. With the word generate, however, we have three syllables, but a single morpheme.
Morphemes are categorized on several different levels. Here are some of the most important distinctions:
Bound morpheme vs. free morpheme
A free morpheme can stand alone as a word example above is a free morpheme. A bound morpheme must always be joined to another morpheme in a word to give an un- + fair + -ness y. A free morpheme, which is often called an unbound morpheme, is a linguistic unit that is able to stand alone as a word without another morpheme attached to it. Fr wxample:cat
A word is a letter or group of letters that has meaning when spoken or written. (noun)
An example of a word is dog.
A phrase is two or more words that express an idea and are a part of a sentence. (noun)
An example of phrase is "went to the store."
Phrase means to express in words. (verb)
An example of phrase is to compose an apology.
References:
wordwizard.com. 2012. Morpheme. . Available on: http://www.wordwizard.com/tools/dictionary/index.php?mode=item&content_id=3586 Accessed on: 21th, february. 2012
yourdictionary.com.2012. word. Available on: http://www.yourdictionary.com/word. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.
yourdictionary.com . 2012. Phrase. Available on: http://www.yourdictionary.com/phrase. Accessed on: 21th, February 2012.