TASK 4: 13 FEB 2012
SYNTAX
Answer.Com (2012)
defines syntax as the study of the
rules whereby words or other elements of sentence structure are combined to
form grammatical sentences.
For example: Subject/predicate in the following sentences is about something or
someone that the sentence is about is called the subject of the sentence
which is shown in bold type.
·
John often
comes late to class.
·
My friend and I both
have a dog named Spot.
·
Many parts of the Asian coastline were destroyed by a tsunami in 2004.
PRAGMATIC
SIL International (2004) defines pragmatic as the study of the aspects of meaning
and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context
of utterance.
Jacob (2001) states that pragmatic is a branch of
linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways
in which people produce and comprehend meaning through language, in pragmatic
we concern with meaning of speaker sense (not really meaning).
METALINGUISTICS
Wikipedia
(2011) defines metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. For example: The use of code mixing which
refers to the mixing of two or more languages of language varieties in speech.
There are many reasons of someone mixing the language. It is expressed that
he/she may have higher status, has a high intelligence or mixing language will
be easier to understand. Code mixing can be found in word, phrase, clause, and
expression or idiom.
REFERENCE
Answer.Com. 2012. Syntax. Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/syntax. Accessed on: 10 February 2012.
SIL International. 2004. What is pragmatics? Available
on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm. Accessed
on: 10 February 2012.
Asha.Org. 2012. Social Language Use (Pragmatics). Available on: http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/pragmatics.htm.
Accessed on: 10 February 2012.
Wikipedia. 2011. Metalinguistics. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics. Accessed
on: 10 February 2012.
Mey Jacob L. 2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd ed.
Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/metalinguistics.
Access on 8 February 2012.
9 FEBRUARY 2012
ReplyDeleteExplain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistic!
Wisegeek.com (2003 – 2012), Syntax is the discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together. While morphology looks at how the smallest linguistic units (called morphemes) are formed into complete words, syntax looks at how those words are formed into complete sentences.
Martin Hellspong, (1998), Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. (Semantics is the meaning of these elements.) Syntax applies to computer languages as well as to natural languages. Usually, we think of syntax as "word order." However, syntax is also achieved in some languages such as Latin by inflectional case endings.
Sil.org, (2004), Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance. The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance: context of utterance, generally observed principles of communication, and goals of the speaker.
Wikipedia, (2011), Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence.
References:
Wisegeek.com (2003 – 2012), what is syntax? Available on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm. Accessed on 9 February 2012
Martin Hellspong, (1998), the definition of syntax? Available on:
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/syntax, Accessed on 9 February 2012
Sil.org, (2004), what is pragmatics? Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm, Accessed on 9 February 2012
Wikipedia, (2011), Metalinguistics, Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics, Accessed on 9 February 2012
Explain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistics
ReplyDeleteThomas : Syntax is the study of the architecture of phrases, clauses, and sentences; that is, of the way they are constructed. Syntax, which seeks to describe the way words fit together to form sentences or utterances. One way to study syntax is to look at sentences which already know to be considered syntactically ‘well-formed’ sentences to the speakers of that language.
The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (1995) : Pragmatics is the study of language which focuses attention on the users and the context of language use rather than on reference, truth, or grammar.
Levinson (1983) : Pragmatics deals with utterances, by which we will mean specific events, the intentional acts of speakers at times and places, typically involving language. Pragmatics is sometimes characterized as dealing with the effects of context. This is equivalent to saying it deals with utterances, if one collectively refers to all the facts that can vary from utterance to utterance as ‘context.’
Teachit.co.uk : Pragmatics is a systematic way of explaining language use in context. It seeks to explain aspects of meaning which cannot be found in the plain sense of words or structures, as explained by semantics. As a field of language study, pragmatics is fairly new.
To discuss them it will be helpful to make a distinction between ‘near-side pragmatics’ and ‘far-side pragmatics.’ Near-side pragmatics is concerned with the nature of certain facts that are relevant to determining what is said. Far-side pragmatics is focused on what happens beyond saying.
Wikipedia.org : Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence.
REFFERENCES
Thomas, Linda. Beginning Syntax.
Levinson, Stephen. 1983. Pragmatics, New York: Cambridge University Press.
Teachit.co.uk. pragmatics. Available on : http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore /lang/ pragmatics.htm. Accessed on: 9th February 2012.
Wikipedia.org. Metalinguistics. Available on : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics. Accessed on: 9th February 2012.
Syntax
ReplyDeleteSyntax is more or less synonymous with 'grammar', though philosophers often use the term more broadly to refer to any characteristics of a sentence that don't involve semantics. Syntax, in linguisatic is the study of structure of the sentence or how to form a sentence or phrase.
Pragmatic
Pragmatics has to do with context-dependent features of language. Pragmatics also includes things people can do with words or sentences that go beyond the literal meaning of the expressions involved.
Metalinguistic
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. As well as any other activity, metalanguage activity is governed by dynamic stereotyped patterns, which form a mythological picture of the life of language and of the life in language as environment. It is essential for understanding human language activity to disclose these implicit mechanisms.
References :
William, O'Grady. 2001. Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Bedford/St. Martin's.Available on http://grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/psycholinguisticsterm.htm. Accessed on February, 2012
Brown, Curtis. 2001. Philosophy of Language. Available on http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/language/distinctions.html.Access on February, 2012
Syntax
ReplyDeleteSyntax is the study of the architecture of phrases, clause, and sentences; that is of the way they are constructed. In contrast to semantics, syntax is one of the better understood areaswithin linguistic.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of how language is used to communicate or Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance. pragmatics is distinct from grammar, which is study of the international structure of languge (Grammar is generally devided into a number of particular areas of study: semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology). When we think about meaning, it is also important to take into account the contribution of context. In simple terms, then, we can think about pragmatics as the study of the contribution of context to meaning.
The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
a. Context of utterance
b. Generally observed principles of communication
c. The goals of the speaker
Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. The concept of Metalinguistic Awareness is helpful to explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals.)
Metalinguistics means, literaly, “language about language”. It is often difficult to explain our knowledge about language. Our talents for speaking well and understanding competently are aspect of our linguistics knowledge, whereas our ability to reflect upon our language –our understanding of how we do these things-represents an aspect of our metalinguistic knowledge. We ask metalinguistic questions such as:
“How do I understand the meaning of word?”
“How do I find words when I want to talk about things?”
“Are some words easier ar harder for people to understand?”
References :
Daw, Emily. 2003. Phonotactics. available on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-phonotactics.htm. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
http://www.unc.edu/~gerfen/Ling30Sp2002/pragmatics.htm
Jean Barko and Nan Bernstein. 1998. Psycholinguistics second edition. America.
Susan, Dwight, Paul, and J. Douglas. 2004. What is pragmatics?. available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm. accessed on: february 9th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2011. Metalinguistic Awareness. available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistic_awareness. accessed on: february 9th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2011. Metalinguistics. available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics. accessed on: february 9th, 2012
(Frank Parker 1946), syntax is the study of the arch tecture of pharases, clauses, snd sentences that is, of the way they are constructed.
ReplyDeleteLinda Thomas, syntax which is seeks to describe the way words fit together to form sentences or utterences, and semavtics and pragmatic which study meaning. One way to study syntax is to look at sentences which we already know to be considered syntactically well formed sentences to the speakers of that language
C.W. Morris in his Foundations of the Theory of Signs (1938) organizes semiotics, the study of signs, into three areas: syntax (the study of the interrelation of the signs); semantics (the study of the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply); and pragmatics (the relationship between the sign system and the user). Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. (Semantics is the meaning of these elements.) Syntax applies to computer languages as well as to natural languages. Usually, we think of syntax as "word order." However, syntax is also achieved in some languages such as Latin by inflectional case endings. In computer languages, syntax can be extremely rigid as in the case of most assembler languages or less rigid in languages that make use of "keyword" parameters that can be stated in any order.
(Frank Parker 1946), pragmatic is the study of how languages is used to communicate, pragmatic also distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal stucture of language.
Rebecca Wirfs-Brock and Joe Yoder We’re excited to be offering a new course, Pragmatic Test-Driven Development, with a practical bent to testing. Test-driven development (TDD) traditionally means writing unit and acceptance tests along with production code. Some agile thought leaders push a hardnosed test-first practice, insisting that you always write a failing test before you write any production code. Then, in short programming and testing cycles, evolve your test as you complete your code.
Pragmatic language is a term that can be better recognized as (social skills/social language). It is the ability to know what to say, how to say it, and then knowing when to say it. Pragmatic language skills develop very early on. For example, by the time a child is one-year-old they have learned to respond to their own name, smile at familiar faces, and establish eye contact and give joint attention to a parent/caregiver. They can also typically wave “hi” or “bye bye” when prompted.
Jill Kerper Mora, metalinguistic awareness is a term used to describe a construct, theory or model to explain the interaction between language and written text, primarily in bilingual learners’ literacy development (Bialystok, 2007.) There term was first used by Cazden (1974) to describe and explain the transfer of linguistic knowledge and skills across languages. Metalinguistic awareness (MA) is defined as an awareness or bringing into explicit consciousness of linguistic form and structure in order to consider how they relate to and produce the underlying the meaning of utterances.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, metalinguistic Awareness refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as a thing. The concept of Metalinguistic Awareness is helpful to explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals.
References
Curtis Brown.2001 Avaiable on:http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/language/distinctions.html. Accssed on 8 February 2012
Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguists. London:British Library Cataloguing In Publication Data.
Vincent Ferraro and Kathryn C. Palmer ;Mount Holyoke College ;South Hadley, MA 01(2007).Metalinguistic.Avaiableon:http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/speech/differences.htm. Accssed on 8 February 2012
(Frank Parker 1946), syntax is the study of the arch tecture of pharases, clauses, snd sentences that is, of the way they are constructed.
ReplyDeleteLinda Thomas, syntax which is seeks to describe the way words fit together to form sentences or utterences, and semavtics and pragmatic which study meaning. One way to study syntax is to look at sentences which we already know to be considered syntactically well formed sentences to the speakers of that language
C.W. Morris in his Foundations of the Theory of Signs (1938) organizes semiotics, the study of signs, into three areas: syntax (the study of the interrelation of the signs); semantics (the study of the relation between the signs and the objects to which they apply); and pragmatics (the relationship between the sign system and the user). Syntax is the grammar, structure, or order of the elements in a language statement. (Semantics is the meaning of these elements.) Syntax applies to computer languages as well as to natural languages. Usually, we think of syntax as "word order." However, syntax is also achieved in some languages such as Latin by inflectional case endings. In computer languages, syntax can be extremely rigid as in the case of most assembler languages or less rigid in languages that make use of "keyword" parameters that can be stated in any order.
(Frank Parker 1946), pragmatic is the study of how languages is used to communicate, pragmatic also distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal stucture of language.
Rebecca Wirfs-Brock and Joe Yoder We’re excited to be offering a new course, Pragmatic Test-Driven Development, with a practical bent to testing. Test-driven development (TDD) traditionally means writing unit and acceptance tests along with production code. Some agile thought leaders push a hardnosed test-first practice, insisting that you always write a failing test before you write any production code. Then, in short programming and testing cycles, evolve your test as you complete your code.
Pragmatic language is a term that can be better recognized as (social skills/social language). It is the ability to know what to say, how to say it, and then knowing when to say it. Pragmatic language skills develop very early on. For example, by the time a child is one-year-old they have learned to respond to their own name, smile at familiar faces, and establish eye contact and give joint attention to a parent/caregiver. They can also typically wave “hi” or “bye bye” when prompted.
Jill Kerper Mora, metalinguistic awareness is a term used to describe a construct, theory or model to explain the interaction between language and written text, primarily in bilingual learners’ literacy development (Bialystok, 2007.) There term was first used by Cazden (1974) to describe and explain the transfer of linguistic knowledge and skills across languages. Metalinguistic awareness (MA) is defined as an awareness or bringing into explicit consciousness of linguistic form and structure in order to consider how they relate to and produce the underlying the meaning of utterances.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, metalinguistic Awareness refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as a thing. The concept of Metalinguistic Awareness is helpful to explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals.
References
Curtis Brown.2001 Avaiable on:http://www.trinity.edu/cbrown/language/distinctions.html. Accssed on 8 February 2012
Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguists. London:British Library Cataloguing In Publication Data.
Vincent Ferraro and Kathryn C. Palmer ;Mount Holyoke College ;South Hadley, MA 01(2007).Metalinguistic.Avaiableon:http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/speech/differences.htm. Accssed on 8 February 2012
Task 4. Explain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistic!
ReplyDeleteSyntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis."
syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the syntax of Modern Irish." Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules. Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find general rules that apply to all natural languages. The term syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic.Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. So an utterance describing pragmatic function is described as metapragmatic. The metalinguistic reflective function of output posits that SL learning is mediated when learners reflect on language produced by themselves or by others. Metalinguistic awareness is a term used to describe a construct, theory or model to explain the interaction between language and written text, primarily in bilingual learners’ literacy development (Bialystok, 2007.) There term was first used by Cazden (1974) to describe and explain the transfer of linguistic knowledge and skills across languages. Metalinguistic awareness (MA) is defined as an awareness or bringing into explicit consciousness of linguistic form and structure in order to consider how they relate to and produce the underlying the meaning of utterances. MA is also termed metalinguistic ability. The construct describes the ability to make language forms objective and explicit and to attend to them in and for themselves. MA is the ability to view and analyze language as a “thing,” language as a “process,” and language as a “system.” MA in bilingual learners is the ability to objectively function outside one language system and to objectify languages’ rules, structures and functions. Code-switching and translation are examples of bilinguals’ MA.
REFERENCE
(Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971)
Nordquist, Richard, About.com Guide
Bialystok, Ellen York University, Ontario
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. (1978) Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge University Press.
August, D. & Shanahan, T. (Eds.) (2006). Developing literacy in second-language learners: Report of the National Literacy Panel on Language-minority Children and Youth. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates.
Definition SYNTAX
ReplyDeleteIn linguistics, syntax is the study of the rules that govern the ways in which words combine to form phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is one of the major components of grammar.
William Cobbett on Syntax (1818) "Syntax is a word which comes from the Greek. It means, in that language, the joining of several things together; and, as used by grammarians, it means those principles and rules which teach us how to put words together so as to form sentences. It means, in short,sentence-making. Having been taught by the rules of Etymology what are the relationships of words, how words grow out of each other, how they are varied in their letters in order to correspond with the variation in the circumstances to which they apply, Syntax will teach you how to give all your words their proper situations or places, when you come to put them together into sentences."
Definition PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance.
Furthermore, Yule G. (1996 ) Pragmatics is the study of meaning of words, phrases and full sentences, but unlike semantics which deals with the objective meanings of words that can be found in dictionaries, pragmatics is more concerned with the meanings that words in fact convey when they are used, or with intended speaker meaning as it is sometimes referred to. It can be said that pragmatics attempts to analyze how it happens that often more is communicated than said. As frequently the meaning of discourseis context-dependant, pragmatics examines the devices used by language users (ex. deictic expressions, or anaphora)
Definition METALINGUISTICS
Metaliguistics is a branch of linguistics that deals with the relation between language and other cultural factors in a society
Owens, R.E. (1996) Metalinguistics, or meta - awareness skill is to do with the ability of a person to reflect on and consciously ponder about oral and written language and how it is used.
Meta is an ancient Greek term, meaning 'beyond.' In the context of language learning 'meta' can be interpreted as going beyond communication and meaning, and to instead focus attention on the underlying structures.
A large part of successful language intervention is centred on the student being aware of language and the components of language. It's the child's ability to think about and manipulate language forms that can often determine how well they learn a new language concept.
In the other hand, Warren Leubecker (1988) there are 3 types of metalinguistic awareness (phonemic, word boundary, and word order in sentences) and their relation to socioeconomic status, vocabulary, reading readiness skills (letter knowledge, visual discrimination, sound-letter matching, and oral language comprehension), and reading achievement were longitudinally studied
Reference:
Cobbett,William. 1818.A Grammar of the English Language in a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but More Especially for the Use of Soldiers, Sailors, Apprentices, and Plough-Boys. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/syntax.htm
Accessed on: February 9th, 2012.
Eugene E. Loos. 2003.Glossary of linguistic terms. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm
Accessed on: February 9th, 2012.
G,Yule.1996. The study of language. Available on: http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/pragmatics.htm
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Leubecker,Warren.1988.Reading and gwroth in metaliguistic. Available on:
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1130572
Accessed on: February 9th, 2012.
Owens, R.E. 1996.Language Development: An Introduction, Allyn & Bacon. Available on:
http://www.speechlanguage-resources.com/metalinguistics.html
Accessed on: February 9th, 2012.
Name : Muji Lestari
ReplyDeleteNIM : 09 25 0038
SYNTAX, PRAGMATIC, AND METALINGUISTIC
SYNTAX
Syntax is the architecture of phrases, clauses, and sentences; that is, of the way they are contructed. Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in natural languages. syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the syntax of Modern Irish.
PRAGMATIC
Pragmatic is the study of how language is used to comunicate. Pragmatic is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance. Pragmatic is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on. In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance.
Example :
If your brother says something that you agree him, you might respond by saying “you can say that again”. But inappropriate for your brother to than repeat what he originally said.
METALINGUISTIC
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. Meta-linguistics can be classified as the ability to consciously reflect on the nature of language.
Metalinguistic Awareness refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as a thing. The concept of Metalinguistic Awareness is helpful to explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages
Example : Code switching as well as translation among bilingual.
REFFERENCES
Allison, Desmond, Lionel Wee, Bao Zhiming and Sunita Anne Abraham.
Text in Education and Society. Singapore University. 1998.
Gombert, Jean E. Metalinguistic Development The University of Chicago Press. 1992.
Mora, Jill Kerper. Metalinguistic Awareness as Defined Through Research San Diego State
University. 2001.
Parker, Frank.Linguistic for non-Linguists.London:Taylor & Francis Ltd.1986
Wikipedia.2011.Metalinguistic Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics.Accessed
on 12 October 2011.
Wikipedia.2007.Syntax. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax.Accssed on May 2007.
Wikipedia.2009.Pragmatic. Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics.Accessed on
February 2009.
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm
Task 4 : 09 Feb 2012
ReplyDeleteExplain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistic!
Syntax
Syntax (from Ancient Greek σύνταξις "arrangement" from σύν syn, "together", and τάξις táxis, "an ordering") is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in natural languages.In addition to referring to the overarching discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the syntax of Modern Irish.Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules.[citation needed] Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find general rules that apply to all natural languages. The term syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics.It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and, though it can be taught, often comes only through experience.
Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. The neologism 'metalinguistics' emerged between 1950 and 1960.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
Task 4 : 09 Feb 2012
ReplyDeleteExplain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistic!
Syntax
Syntax (from Ancient Greek σύνταξις "arrangement" from σύν syn, "together", and τάξις táxis, "an ordering") is the study of the principles and rules for constructing phrases and sentences in natural languages.In addition to referring to the overarching discipline, the term syntax is also used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language, as in "the syntax of Modern Irish.Modern research in syntax attempts to describe languages in terms of such rules.[citation needed] Many professionals in this discipline attempt to find general rules that apply to all natural languages. The term syntax is also used to refer to the rules governing the behavior of mathematical systems, such as formal languages used in logic.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics.It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the linguistic knowledge (e.g. grammar, lexicon etc.) of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the speaker, and so on.In this respect, pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time etc. of an utterance. Pragmatic awareness is regarded as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning, and, though it can be taught, often comes only through experience.
Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. The neologism 'metalinguistics' emerged between 1950 and 1960.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax
Explain about Syntax, Pragmatic, and Metalinguistic!
ReplyDeleteWiseGEEK (2012) Syntax is the discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together. syntax looks at how those words are formed into complete sentence.
Wikipdia (2012) Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning.
Morra, jill (2011) Metalinguistic awareness refers to the ability to objectify language as a process as well as a thing. The concept of Metalinguistic Awareness is helpful to explaining the execution and transfer of linguistic knowledge across languages (e.g. code switching as well as translation among bilinguals.) Meta-linguistics can be classified as the ability to consciously reflect on the nature of language.
References :
WiseGEEK(2012).Syntax. available on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm. accessed on: 9 february 2012.
Wikipedia(2012). Pragmatics. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics. accessed on : 9 february 2012.
Mora, Jill Kerper(2011). Metalinguistics. Available on: "METALINGUISTIC AWARENESS AS DEFINED THROUGH RESEARCH". San Diego. Accessed on : 9 february 2012.
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeleteSyntax is the study of the architecture of phrases, clauses, and sentences ; that is, of the way they are constructed.
ReplyDeleteExample : Sergeant Preston was shot in the arm by an Indian. (acceptable in english)
Sergeant Preston in the arm was shot by an Indian. (is not)
Pragmatic is the study of how language is used to communicate,
Example : when a friend says something that you agree with, you might respond by saying
“you can say that again”. But it would be inappropriate for your friend to then repeat what he or she originally said.
Metalinguistic is The study of the interrelationship between language and other cultural behavior.
Example : I know this is a silly question before I ask it, but can you Americans speak any
other language besides English?"
REFERENCES
Parker, Frank. 1986. Linguistics for non-linguists. London: Taylor & Francis Ltd.
Avaible on : http://www.answers.com/topic/metalinguistics. Access on : february, 09th 2012 ; 08:12 pm
Kruger,Diane.2009. Avaible on : http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/metalanguageterm.html. Access on : february, 09th 2012 ; 08:12 pm
Syntax:
ReplyDeleteSyntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis."
(Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971)
William Cobbett on Syntax (1818)
"Syntax is a word which comes from the Greek. It means, in that language, the joining of several things together; and, as used by grammarians, it means those principles and rules which teach us how to put words together so as to form sentences. It means, in short, sentence-making. Having been taught by the rules of Etymology what are the relationships of words, how words grow out of each other, how they are varied in their letters in order to correspond with the variation in the circumstances to which they apply, Syntax will teach you how to give all your words their proper situations or places, when you come to put them together into sentences."
(William Cobbett, A Grammar of the English Language in a Series of Letters: Intended for the Use of Schools and of Young Persons in General, but More Especially for the Use of
Pragmatics: is sometimes characterized as dealing with the effects of context. This is equivalent to saying it deals with utterances, if one collectively refers to all the facts that can vary from utterance to utterance as ‘context.’ One must be careful, however, for the term is often used with more limited meanings. Pragmatics is usually thought to involve a different sort of reasoning than semantics. Semantics consists of conventional rules of meaning for expressions and their modes of combination. Locke supposed that communication was basically a matter of a speaker encoding thoughts into words and the listener decoding words back into thoughts. The same basic picture is found fairly explicitly in Saussure and other influential theorists. This picture seems to fit reasonably well with the picture that emerged from the logicians and philosophers of language in the tradition of logical analysis, of language as a system of phonological, syntactic and semantic rules, of which competent speakers and interpreters have implicit mastering. Paradigmatically, the sincere speaker plans to produce an utterance with the truth-conditions of a belief he wishes to express; he chooses his words so that his utterance has those truth-conditions; the credulous interpreter needs to perceive the utterance, and recognize which phones, morphemes, words and phrases are involved, and then using knowledge of the meanings, deduce the truth-conditions of the utterance and of the belief it expresses.
Metalinguistics: is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. The neologism 'metalinguistics' emerged between 1950 and 1960. Jean Émile Gombert, who teaches genetic psychology at the University of Dijon, states that it is one thing to find an adequate way of treating the comprehension and production of language and it is quite another to succeed in adopting a reflexive attitude with regard to language objects and their manipulation. It is this second task that a recently developed psycholinguistic tradition has given the name metalinguistics.
References:
Nordquist, Richard. 2006. Syntax. Available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/syntax.htm. Accessed on : February 9th, 2012
Plato.stanford.edu. 2012. Pragmatics. Available on: Available on: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pragmatics/. Accessed on : February 9th, 2012
wikipedia.org. 2012. Metalinguistics. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics. Accessed on : February 9th, 2012
This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDeletesyntax
ReplyDeleteSyntax is the study of the principles and processes by which sentences are constructed in particular languages or it can be called the study how to form sentence.
S ( determiner + noun + verb+ (determiner+ noun))
Example : a cat eat a mouse
(Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971)
Metalinguistics
Metalinguistic is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society.. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence. Gombert, Jean E.. 1992
phragmatic
A branch of linguistics concerned with the use of language in social contexts and the ways in which people produce and comprehend meaning through language, in pragmatic we concern with meaning of speaker sense ( not really meaning ).
Example:
A: Hi mum ..
B: hi, how about your score in exam ?
A: I get 5.
B: gooad Jack, keep watching ! don’t study hard.
Jacob L. Mey, Pragmatics.2001
references:
noam Chomsky .1971. Syntactic Structures.available on:http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/syntax.htm.access on 8 february 2012.
Mey Jacob L.2001. Pragmatics: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Available on:http://www.answers.com/topic/metalinguistics.access on 8 february 2012.
Gombert Jean E.1992. Metalinguistic Development .available on:http://www.answers.com/topic/metalinguistics.access on 8 february 2012.
Syntax is the study of how to combine words into acceptable sequences to convey proporsional meaning. It is about how words can be put together to produce the well-formed sentences of a language.
ReplyDeletePragmatics determines our choice of wording and our interpretation of language in different situations. The domain of pragmatics is how language is used to accomplish various ends in the world.
Metalinguistics, or meta - awareness skill is to do with the ability of a person to reflect on and consciously ponder about oral and written language and how it is used. A large part of successful language intervention is centred on the student being aware of language and the components of language. It's the child's ability to think about and manipulate language forms that can often determine how well they learn a new language concept
Name: Putra Mahesa Satria
ReplyDeleteNim: 09250045
Number 4:
Copyright © 2003 – 2012
Syntax is the discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together.
5 January 2004
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance, such as the following:
• The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
o Context of utterance
o Generally observed principles of communication
o The goals of the speaker
• Programmatic concerns, such as
o the treatment of given versus new information, including presupposition
o deixis
o speech acts, especially illocutionary acts
o implicature, and
o the relations of meaning or function between portions of discourse (see interpropositional relation) or turns of conversation (see conversation analysis).
12 October 2011
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence.
Reference :
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics
Name: Putra Mahesa Satria
ReplyDeleteNim: 09250045
Number 4:
Copyright © 2003 – 2012
Syntax is the discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together.
5 January 2004
Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance, such as the following:
• The effect that the following have on the speaker’s choice of expression and the addressee’s interpretation of an utterance:
o Context of utterance
o Generally observed principles of communication
o The goals of the speaker
• Programmatic concerns, such as
o the treatment of given versus new information, including presupposition
o deixis
o speech acts, especially illocutionary acts
o implicature, and
o the relations of meaning or function between portions of discourse (see interpropositional relation) or turns of conversation (see conversation analysis).
12 October 2011
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestations and enactments of co-existence.
Reference :
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm
http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsPragmatics.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalinguistics
Explain about Syntax, Pragmatic,
ReplyDeleteand Metalinguistic!
Syntax
Syntax is the study of the architecture of pharases, clauses, and sentence or discipline that examines the rules of a language that dictate how the various parts of sentences go together.
pragmatics
Pragmatic is the study of how language is used to communicate. Pragmatic is distinct from grammar, which is the study of the internal structure of language/ a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory, conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language behavior in philosophy, sociology, and linguistics.
metalinguitics
Metalinguistic/ or meta awareness skill is to do with the ability of a person to reflect on and consciously ponder about oral and written language and how it is used.
Meta is an ancient Greek term, meaning 'beyond.' In the context of language learning 'meta' can be interpreted as going beyond communication and meaning, and to instead focus attention on the underlying structures.
REFERENCES
Paker, Frank.1946. Linguistics for non-linguistic.London.Brown and Company.
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-syntax.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pragmatics
http://www.speechlanguage-resources.com/metalinguistics.html
PSYCOLINGUISTIC 3
ReplyDeleteExplain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek phōnḗ "voice, sound" and taktikós "having to do with arranging")[1] is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
Phonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
In linguistics, the lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
The lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
semantic is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, are often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic analysis.
Morphology refers to the study of how animals and plants are formed. (noun) An example of morphology is the study of how the cell is structured.
Morphology:
1. The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function.
2. The form and structure of an organism or one of its parts.
References:
http://www.yourdictionary.com/morphology
http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics
http://medical.yourdictionary.com/morphology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_%28linguistics%29
PSYCOLINGUISTIC 3
ReplyDeleteExplain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek phōnḗ "voice, sound" and taktikós "having to do with arranging")[1] is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
Phonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
In linguistics, the lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
The lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
semantic is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings. It also involves removing features specific to particular linguistic and cultural contexts, to the extent that such a project is possible. The elements of idiom and figurative speech, being cultural, are often also converted into relatively invariant meanings in semantic analysis.
Morphology refers to the study of how animals and plants are formed. (noun) An example of morphology is the study of how the cell is structured.
Morphology:
1. The branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of organisms without consideration of function.
2. The form and structure of an organism or one of its parts.
References:
http://www.yourdictionary.com/morphology
http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics
http://medical.yourdictionary.com/morphology
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_analysis_%28linguistics%29
SYNTAX , PRAGMATIK, AND METALINGUISTIC
ReplyDelete1. Syntax
“Syntax is the study of the principles and processer by which sentences are contructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis.” (Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971) for example: I drove a team of horses to your mother. I don’t like the ask cloud.
2. Pragmatic
Pragmatic is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speakers . E.g: Andy came late to the class. The teacher asked him “what time is it now?”. It doesn’t mean that the reacher asked about time. But the teacher expressed angry with him becouse of his late.
3. Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestation and enactments of co-existence.
REFERENCES:
American speed -language-hearing association. 1997. Social language rules (fragmatics). Available on: http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/pragmatics.htm. accessed on: February 10, 2012
International,SIL. 2004. What is Fragmatics. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticsTerms/whatIsPragmatics.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012
Nordoquist,rechard. 2012. Pragmatics-definition and example. Available on: http://grammer.about.com/od/pq/g/pragmatics.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012
Nordoquist,rechard. 2012. Syntax-defiinition and example. Available on: http://grammer.about.com/od/pq/g/syntax.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012
SYNTAX , PRAGMATIK, AND METALINGUISTIC
ReplyDelete1. Syntax
“Syntax is the study of the principles and processer by which sentences are contructed in particular languages. Syntactic investigation of a given language has as its goal the construction of a grammar that can be viewed as a device of some sort for producing the sentences of the language under analysis.” (Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures, 1971) for example: I drove a team of horses to your mother. I don’t like the ask cloud.
2. Pragmatic
Pragmatic is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speakers . E.g: Andy came late to the class. The teacher asked him “what time is it now?”. It doesn’t mean that the reacher asked about time. But the teacher expressed angry with him becouse of his late.
3. Metalinguistics
Metalinguistics is the branch of linguistics that studies language and its relationship to culture and society. It is the study of dialogue relationships between units of speech communication as manifestation and enactments of co-existence.
REFERENCES:
American speed -language-hearing association. 1997. Social language rules (fragmatics). Available on: http://www.asha.org/public/speech/development/pragmatics.htm. accessed on: February 10, 2012
International,SIL. 2004. What is Fragmatics. Available on: http://www.sil.org/linguistics/glossaryOfLinguisticsTerms/whatIsPragmatics.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012
Nordoquist,rechard. 2012. Pragmatics-definition and example. Available on: http://grammer.about.com/od/pq/g/pragmatics.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012
Nordoquist,rechard. 2012. Syntax-defiinition and example. Available on: http://grammer.about.com/od/pq/g/syntax.htm. Accessed on: February 10, 2012