TASK 3: 10 FEB 2012
PHONOTACTICS
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2012) defines phonotatics as a branch of phonology (how words are pronounced) that deals which deals with phonemes (the meaningless elements that "spell out" the sound of morphemes), and phonetics, which studies the way language is embodied in the activity of speaking, the resulting physical sounds, and the process of speech perception.
LEXICON
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition (2012) sates that in linguistics, the lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words, expressions, synonym, and antonyms of the word or more formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes.
Wikipedia (2012) states that a lexicon consists of lexemes. A lexeme
belongs to a particular syntactic
category, has a
certain meaning (semantic value), and in inflecting languages,
has a corresponding inflectional
paradigm; that is, a
lexeme in many languages will have many different forms.
For example,
the lexeme RUN has a present third person singular form runs, a present
non-third-person singular form run (which also functions as the past participle and non-finite form), a past form ran,
and a present participle running. The use of the
forms of a lexeme is governed by rules of grammar; in the case of English verbs
such as RUN, these include
subject-verb agreement and compound tense rules, which determine which
form of a verb can be used in a given sentence.
SEMANTICS
Moore
(2000) defines
semantics as the
study of meaning, for
instance, when people say "I love" this can have numerous meanings. It
is important for understanding language in social contexts, as these are likely
to affect meaning, and for understanding varieties of English and effects of
style
Furthermore, Answer.Com
(2012) states that the word "semantics" itself denotes a range of
ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary
language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection
or connotation.
Also, there
are denotations and connotations. The denotation of a word is its direct
meaning, while the connotation is an indirect or implied meaning. As an example
of the difference, referring to the "smell of baking apple pie" would
directly refer to the smell of cinnamon and other spices, but it might
indirectly refer to happy memories in Grandma's kitchen or the comfort of home.
There are figures of speech that in their entirety do not mean what each word means literally. "Raining cats and dogs" does not mean cats and dogs are falling from clouds.
There are figures of speech that in their entirety do not mean what each word means literally. "Raining cats and dogs" does not mean cats and dogs are falling from clouds.
MORPHOLOGY
Hickey (2005) defined morphology as the study of word forms. There are two basic divisions in morphology. They are (1) lexical morphology or derivational which involves the formation of new words, and (2) inflectional morphology which concerned with the endings put on words.
Furthermore, Wisniewski (2007) explains that many scholars differentiate between derivational morphology and inflectional morphology. The former is concerned with the relationships of different words, and with the ways in which vocabulary items can be built from some elements, as in un-speak-able; while the latter deals with the forms of one word that it takes up depending on its grammatical functions in a sentence. When it comes to English it appears that it rather takes advantage of derivational morphemes rather than inflectional ones.
For instance, English morphology inflects nouns to specify plurality: thus dogs means "more than one dog". This inflection lets us be specific, in a compact way, about the distinction between one and more-than-one. Of course, we could always say the same thing in a more elaborated way, using the resources of syntax rather than morphology: more than one dog. If we want to be vague, we have to be long winded: one or more dogs.
REFERENCES
American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 4th Edition .2012. Semantics. Available on: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/semantics. Accessed on 9 February 2012.
Andrew, Moor. 2000. Semantics - meanings, etymology and the lexicon. Available
on: http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm. Accessed on 9 February 2012.
Hickey, Raymond. 2005. Morphology and
Syntax. Available on: http://www.uni-due.de/SHE/REV_MorphologySyntax.htm. Accessed on 9 February 2012.
Wiśniewski, Kamil. 2007. Morphology.
Available on: http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/morphology.ht. Accessed on 9 February 2012.
Wikipedia. 2012. Lexicon. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon. Accessed on 9 February 2012.
Phonotactics
ReplyDeletepho•no•tac•tics (f n -t k t ks)
n. (used with a sing. verb)
The set of allowed arrangements or sequences of speech sounds in a given language. A word beginning with the consonant cluster (zv), for example, violates the phonotactics of English, but not of Russian.
(So its the study of arrangement of speech in one language, and not influenced in the other language)
Lexicon
The collection of words--the internalized dictionary--that every speaker of the language has.
Example : The lexicon of soccer ("football" outside the U.S.) includes terms such as linesman, friendly
match, yellow card, penalty shootout, pitch, result, and draw.
Semantics
The field of linguistics concerned with the study of meaning in language.
(Its study of meaning in word and sentence, example fly have two meanings ( “insect with two wings (n) ” and “move through the air as a bird, or in an aircraft”(v)
The bird fly on the sky ; she catch the fly))))
Morphology
The branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially in terms of morphemes.
( its study of word, how word can build, and especially in terms of morphemes, example : boys (have two bound morphemes “boy+s”))
REFERENCES :
The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Updated in 2009. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Avaible on : http://www.thefreedictionary.com/phonotactics. Access on : February, 08th 2012 ; 05:38 pm
Nordquist, Richard . Lexicon. Avaible on : http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/lexiconterm.html. access on : February, 08th 2012 ; 05:56 pm
Nordquist, Richard . Semantics. Avaible on : http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/semanticsterm.html. access on : February, 08th 2012 ; 06:15 pm
Nordquist, Richard.Morphology. Avaible on : http://grammar.about.com/od/mo/g/morphologyterm.html. access on : February, 08th 2012 ; 05:59 pm
8 FEBRUARY 2012
ReplyDeleteExplain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
Answer.com, Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
Phonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
Answer.com(2012), In linguistics, the lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes. Coined in English 1603, the word "lexicon" derives from the Greek λεξικόν (lexicon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos), "of or for words", from λέξις(lexis), "speech", "word", and that from λέγω (lego), "to say", "to speak".
The lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes. The lexicon is generally thought to be a static dictionary rather that a collection of rules. This dictionary contains both vocabulary organized in one or more ways (all the foods a person knows may be linked in aneural net, for example). The lexicon is also linked to a generative device which combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the suffix "-able" can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get "read-able" but not "cry-able".
Richmond (1996), Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics. Theoretical computer scientists and logicians think about artificial languages. In some areas of computer science, these divisions are crossed. In machine translation, for instance, computer scientists may want to relate natural language texts to abstract representations of their meanings; to do this, they have to design artificial languages for representing meanings.
Andrew Moore (2000), Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language. A morpheme is the smallest indivisible unit of a language that retains meaning. The rules of morphology within a language tend to be relatively regular, so that if one sees the noun morphemes for the first time, for example, one can deduce that it is likely related to the word morpheme.
There are three main types of languages when it comes to morphology: two of these arepolysynthetic, meaning that words are made up of connected morphemes.
References :
Answer.Com. Phonotactics, Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics#ixzz1lsBO2VFS. Accessed on 8 February 2012
Answer.Com (2012), what is the lexicon?, Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/lexicon#ixzz1lsCNGnKM. Accessed on 8 February 2012
H. Thomason, Richmond. 1996. Semantics, Available on: http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm, Accessed on 8 January 2012.
Andrew Moore, 2000. What is morphology? Available on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-morphology.htm, Accessed on 4 January 2012.
Phonotactics
ReplyDeletePhonotactics is the set of possible sound combinations or sequences of speech sounds for a language. Phonotactics is a branch of phonology, the study of sound system language: the rules that govern pronunciation. Phonotactics also has applications in phonetics, the actual production of sound, in synthesized speech and language identification. Phonology is more than the repertoire in a language; it includes rules for their awful combination into words.
Lexicon
Richard Nordquist, lexicon is the collection of words--the internalized dictionary--that every speaker of the language has or a stock of terms used in a particular profession, subject, or style.
Note that a lexical definition is descriptive, reporting actual usage within speakers of a language, and changes with changing usage of the term, rather than prescriptive, which would be to stick with a version regarded as "correct" regardless of drift in accepted meaning. They tend to be inclusive, attempting to capture everything the term is used to refer to, and as such are often too vague for many purposes.
Words can be classified as lexical or nonlexical. Lexical words are those that have independent meaning as Noun (N), verb (V), adjective (A) , adverb (Adv), preposition (P), For example, Boy (n), Go (v), sad (A), nicely (Adv), to (P)
Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning; that is the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences. Unlike pragmatics, semantics is part of grammar proper, the study of internal structure of language. Semantics is the most poorly understood component of grammar, it can be one of the most difficult areas of linguistics to study.
A semantic rule for English might say that a simple sentence involving the word `can't' always corresponds to a meaning arrangement like
Not [ Able ... ],
but never to one like
Able [ Not ... ].
For instance, `I can't dance' means that I'm unable to dance; it doesn't mean that I'm able not to dance.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of words formation. Morphlogy is the study of architecture of words. A morpheme can be loosely defined as a minimal unit having more or less constant meaning associeted with more or less constant form.
For example, the word buyers is made up of three morphemes, {buy}+{er}+{s}. Each of these morphemes has a unique meaning {buy}= verb, {er}= one who performs an action, {s}= more than one.
References:
Daw, Emily. 2003. Phonotactics. available on: http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-phonotactics.htm. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Jean Barko and Nan Bernstein. 1998. Psycholinguistics second edition. America. Earl McPeek.
Nordquist, Richard. 2012. Lexicon. available on: http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/lexiconterm.htm. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Paker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. London. Brown and company
Richey, Colleen. 2003. Syllables: phonotactics. available on: http://www.stanford.edu/~colleenr/ling113/handout11.pdf. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Thomason, Richmond H. 1996. What is Semantics?. available on: http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~rthomaso/documents/general/what-is-semantics.html. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Wikipedia. 2011. Lexical definition. available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexical_definition. accessed on: february 8th, 2012
Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics And Morphology
ReplyDeleteWisegeek.com : Phonotactics is the particular combination of letter sounds that are allowable within a given language. Each language, or even each dialect of a language, has its own set of rules that speakers stay within. Phonotactics is a branch of phonology, the study of the sound structures of languages, but also has applications in phonetics, the actual production of sound, in synthesized speech and language identification.
A language's phonotactics is comprised of the sounds and placement of sounds that will be found in its words. English and Swahili, for instance, are governed by very different sound rules. In English, a word can end with the sound "ng," as in "sing," but it cannot begin with that sound. Swahili and other Bantu languages, however, can begin words with "ng." Swahili also frequently uses the letter combination "mz," such as in mzee, which means "old man." This combination of sounds is very rarely found in English and never at the beginnings of words.
Sil.org : A lexicon is list of words, or dictionary, and the term lexical learning means “learning words and their idiosyncratic properties
A lexicon is the knowledge that a native speaker has about a language. This includes information about:
• the form and meanings of words and phrases
• lexical categorization
• the appropriate usage of words and phrases
• relationships between words and phrases, and
• categories of words and phrases.
Phonological and grammatical rules are not considered part of the lexicon.
Wiśniewski (2007) : Semantics is a branch of linguistics dealing with the meaning of words, phrases and sentences, however, contrary to pragmatics it does not analyze the intended speaker meaning, or what words denote on a given occasion, but the objective, conventional meaning. Additionally, it is concerned with the conceptual meaning and not the associative meaning. The conceptual meaning is what a word in fact denotes, as for example Friday the 13 th is a day between Thursday the 12 th and Saturday the 14 th, and that is the conceptual meaning of the phrase Friday the 13 th. Yet, for many people the idea of that day brings to mind thoughts of bad luck and misfortune, which is the associative meaning.
Parker (1946) : Morphology is the study of the architecture of word or word formation. Morphology is the study of how morpheme are combined together to form words. Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or grammar. It is specifically grammatical morphemes that this chapter will focus on.
Differentiate between the stem of the word, which carries the basic meaning, and various affixes or attachments that carry additional, often grammatical, meanings. There are several kinds of affixes:
Suffixes are attached to the end of the stem;
Prefixes are attached to the front of the stem;
Infixes are put in the middle of the word;
Ablaut is a change in a vowel that carries extra meaning;
Reduplication is a matter of doubling a syllable to do the same.
And there are also several kinds of morpheme. They are bound and free morphemes, lexical and grammatical morphemes, and derivational and inflectional morphemes.
REFFERENCES
Wisegeek.com. What is Phonotactics. Available on : http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-phonotactics.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Sil.org. What is Lexicon. Available on : http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/WhatIsALexicon.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Wiśniewski, Kamil . 2007. Info linguistics Semantic . Available on : http://www.tlumaczenia-angielski.info/linguistics/semantics.htm. Accessed on: 8th February 2012.
Parker, Frank. 1946. Linguistics for Non-Linguistics. Taylor and Francis Ltd., 4 John Street. London.
Phonotactics
ReplyDeleteCrystal, David (2003)
Phonotactic is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes, and phonetic. Phonology concern to the sound of the words, whereas phoneme relate to the sound of the morpheme. In the dictionary, the are some symbol of sound which called as phonetic transcription.
Lexicon
Richard Nordquist
An alphabetical list of words often defined or translated: dictionary, glossary, vocabulary, wordbook or it can be called as all the words of a language: vocabulary, word-hoard.
Example : buys, it can be identified if the subject is third singular person or the form of the verb is present.
Semantic
H. L. Weinberg, 1981
Semantics in general, the study of the relationship between words and meanings. Semantics is also the study of the meanings of linguistic expressions (as opposed to their sound, spelling, etc.) on interpretation the meaning of the words. It can be denotation or connotation.
The field of semantics has three basic concerns:
The relations of words to the objects denoted by them.
In symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax).
The relations of words to the interpreters of them.
Morphology
H. L. Weinberg, 1981
Morphology, a branch of linguistics concerned with analysing the structure of words. In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress. Concern with two forms, derivational (changing the class of word) and inflectional.
References :
Crystal, David (2003). "17: The Sound System". The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics. Accessed on February, 9th 2012
Nordquist, Richard. Lexicon. Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/lexicon. Accessed on February, 9th 2012
H. L. Weinberg & F. R. Palmer. 1959 & 1981. Levels of Knowing and Existence of Semantics. Available on:(http://www.answers.com/topic/semantics. Accessed on February, 9th 2012
H. L. Weinberg & F. R. Palmer. 1959. Morphology. Available on: http://www.answers.com/topic/morphology-lang-in-encyclopedia. Accessed on February, 9th 2012
Phonotactics (from Ancient Greek phōnḗ "voice, sound" and taktikós "having to do with arranging")[1] is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
ReplyDeletePhonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
Richard Nordquist, lexicon is The collection of words--the internalized dictionary--that every speaker of the language has, and a stock of terms used in a particular profession, subject, or style. For example
• The lexicon of soccer ("football" outside the U.S.) includes terms such as linesman, friendly match, yellow card, penalty shootout, pitch, result, and draw.
• The lexicon of a stock trader includes terms such as delayed quotes, futures contract, limit order, margin account, short selling, stop order, trend line, and watch list.
(Frank Parker 1946) defined semantics is the study of linguistic meaning that is the meaning of word, pharases, and sentences.
Richard Nordquist, The field of linguistics concerned with the study of meaning in language. Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Examples
• The entity predicated with a state or location:
o The door is open.
o John is at home.
• The entity undergoing a change of state or location:
o He opened the door.
o The door swung open.
o He threw the ball across the yard.
o The ball rolled off the table.
(Frank Parker 1946), morphology is the study of word formation. That is morphology is the study of the architecture of word, just a syntax is the study of the architecture of sentences.
Richard Nordquist, morphology the branch of linguistics (and one of the major components of grammar) that studies word structures, especially in terms of morphemes. Adjective: morphological.
References
Answer.ComfromAncientGreek.Phonotactics.Availableon:http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics#ixzz1lryBXUCG. Accssed on 8 february 2012
Crystal, David (2003). "17: The Sound System". The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the EnglishLanguage.Avaibleon:CambridgeUniversityPress.http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics. Accssed on 8 february 2012
Palmer(1981)., Semantics .Available on:http://www.answers.com/topic/semantics. . Accssed on 8 February 2012
Parker, Frank(1946). Linguistics for Non-Linguists. London:British Library Cataloguing In Publication Data.
Weinberg(1959).Level sof Knowing and Existence Available on:http://www.answers.com/topic/semantics. Accssed on 8 February 2012
Task 3. Explain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
ReplyDeletephonotactics
The English syllable (and word) phonotactics is divided into the onset /tw/, the nucleus /ɛ/, and the coda /lfθs/, and it can thus be described as C, V (C = consonant, V = vowel). On this basis it is possible to form rules for which representations of phoneme classes may fill the cluster. For instance, English allows at most three consonants in an onset, but among native words under standard accents (and excluding a few obscure learned words such as sphragistics), phonemes in a three-consonantal onset are limited to the following scheme:
/s/ + pulmonic + approximant:
• /s/ + /m/ + /j/
• /s/ + /t/ + /ɹ/
• /s/ + /t/ + /j/ (not in most accents of American English)
• /s/ + /p/ + /j ɹ l/
• /s/ + /k/ + /j ɹ l w/
This constraint can be observed in the pronunciation of the word blue: originally, the vowel of blue was identical to the vowel of cue, approximately [iw]. In most dialects of English, [iw] shifted to [juː]. Theoretically, this would produce [blju]. The cluster [blj], however, infringes the constraint for three-consonantal onsets in English. Therefore, the pronunciation has been reduced to [blu] of the [j]. Other languages don't share the same constraint: compare Spanish pliegue [ˈpljeɣe] or French pluie [plɥi].
LEXICON
The lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes. The lexicon is generally thought to be a static dictionary rather that a collection of rules. This dictionary contains both vocabulary organized in one or more ways (all the foods a person knows may be linked in a neural net, for example). The lexicon is also linked to a generative device which combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the suffix "-able" can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get "read-able" but not "cry-able".
SEMANTICS
semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and larger units of discourse (referred to as texts). The basic area of study is the meaning of signs, and the study of relations between different linguistic units and compounds: homonymy, synonymy, antonymy, hypernymy, hyponymy, meronymy, metonymy, holonymy, paronymsTraditionally, semantics has included the study of sense and denotative reference, truth conditions, argument structure, thematic roles, discourse analysis, and the linkage of all of these to syntax.
MORPHOLOGY
morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related — differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate.
REFERENCE
-Für die Lehre von der Wortform wähle ich das Wort "Morphologie" ("for the science of word formation, I choose the term 'morphology'", Mémoires Acad. Impériale 7/1/7, 35)
-Aitchison, Jean. Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2003.
-Jackendoff, Ray; Semantic Structures, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990
-Storkel, Holly L. 2001. Learning new words: Phonotactic probability in language development. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 44: 1321–1337.
Definition of PHONOTACTICS
ReplyDeletePhonotactics is the area of phonology concerned with the analysis and description of the permitted sound sequences of a language.
Phonotactics (in Greek phone = voice and tactic = course) is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints
Definition of LEXICON
The component in the grammar which is in its bare form a list of words or lexical entries. It contains information about :
(a) the pronunciation,
(b) the meaning,
(c) morphological properties, and
(d) syntactic properties of its entries.
Furthermore, the Lexicon must contain at least the idiosyncratic information about its entries.
According to asnswer.com, In linguistics, the lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions.
Definition of SEMANTICS
Semantics in general, the study of the relationship between words and meanings. The empirical study of word meanings and sentence meanings in existing languages is a branch of linguistics. In linguistics, semantics has its beginnings in France and Germany in the 1820s when the meanings of words as significant features in the growth of language was recognized.
Dave McComb's book Semantics in Business Systems recommended John Saeed's Semantics as an "excellent introductory book on semantics in everyday life"
Definition of MORPHOLOGY
In linguistics, answer.com explain that, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).
Reference:
Anderson, Stephen R. (1992). A-Morphous Morphology. Available on: http://www.answers.com
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Archangeli, D. (1984).Underspecification in Yawelmani Phonology and Morphology. Available on: http://www.scienceo.cl/pgf/ijmorphol/v28n1/art17.html
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Crystal, David (2003). The Sound System", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Available on: http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1848.php
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Elvisier (2004). Semantics in Business Systems.Available on: http://www.snee.com/cgi-sys/cgiwrap/bobd/managed-mt/mt-tb.cgi/596
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Gazdar, Gerald & Christopher Mellish (1989). Natural Language Processing in Prolog: An Introduction to Computatioanl Linguistics. Available on: http://www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Winter97/IntroCompPhon/compphon/node13.html
Accessed on: February 8th, 2012.
Task 3 : 08 Feb 2012
ReplyDeleteExplain about Phonotactics,Lexicon,Semantics, and Morphology!
Phonotactics
The set of allowed arrangements or sequences of speech sounds in a given language. A word beginning with the consonant cluster (zv), for example, violates the phonotactics of English, but not of Russian.
Lexicon
lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus. More formally, it is a language's inventory of lexemes. Coined in English 1603, the word "lexicon" derives from the Greek λεξικόν (lexicon), neuter of λεξικός (lexikos), "of or for words", from λέξις (lexis), "speech", "word", and that from λέγω (lego), "to say", "to speak".The lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes.
The lexicon is generally thought to be a static dictionary rather that a collection of rules. This dictionary contains both vocabulary organized in one or more ways (all the foods a person knows may be linked in a neural net, for example). The lexicon is also linked to a generative device which combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the suffix "-able" can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get "read-able" but not "cry-able".
A lexicon is usually considered to be a container for words belonging to a single language. In other words, multi-lingual speakers are generally thought to have multiple lexicons. Speakers of language variants (Brazilian Portuguese and European Portuguese, for example) may be considered to possess a single lexicon.
Semantics
Semantics (from Greek sēmantiká, neuter plural of sēmantikós) is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata.
Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used to understand human expression through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics.
The word "semantics" itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly technical. It is often used in ordinary language to denote a problem of understanding that comes down to word selection or connotation. This problem of understanding has been the subject of many formal inquiries, over a long period of time, most notably in the field of formal semantics. In linguistics, it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used by agents or communities within particular circumstances and contexts.
Morphology
morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). Morphological typology represents a method for classifying languages according to the ways by which morphemes are used in a language —from the analytic that use only isolated morphemes, through the agglutinative ("stuck-together") and fusional languages that use bound morphemes (affixes), up to the polysynthetic, which compress lots of separate morphemes into single words.
While words are generally accepted as being (with clitics) the smallest units of syntax, it is clear that in most languages, if not all, words can be related to other words by rules (grammars). For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related — differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate.
References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics
http://www.yourdictionary.com/phonotactics
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Lexicon
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)
Name : Muji lestari
ReplyDeleteNIM : 09 25 0038
PHONOTACTICS, SEMANTIC, LEXICON AND MORPHOLOGY
PHONOTACTIC
Phonotactics is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints. Phonotactic constraints are language specific.
Example:
In Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
SEMANTIC
Semantics is the study of meaning, that is, the meaning of words, phrases and sentences. Semantic is part of grammar proper, the study of the internal structure of language. Semantic is used to understand human expression through language.
Example :” i miss” this can have numerous meanings.
LEXICON
Lexicon is a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions (dictionary). Lexicon of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions. A lexicon is also a synonym of the word thesaurus. Lexicon includes the lexemes that together form words. Lexemes are formed according to morpho-syntactic rules and express sememes. The lexicon is generally thought to be a static dictionary rather that a collection of rules. This dictionary contains both vocabulary organized in one or more ways (all the foods a person knows may be linked in a neural net, for example).
Example :
call : calls (third person singular “simple present”)
call : called (all subject “simple past/past participle)
call : calling (present participle ).
MORPHOLOGY
(Dedi Irwansyah :2009) Morphology is the study of the structure of words, of how morphemes operate in the processof derivation and inflection. Analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology.
Morphology is divided into derivational and inflactional.
Derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word. Dervational consist of prefix, suffix, infix and circumfix.
Eg:
happy : unhappy (prefix)
teach :teacher (suffix)
inflection is a variation in the form of a word, typically by means of an affix that expresses a grammatical contrast which is obligatory for the stem’s word class in some given grammatical context. Inflextional only consist of suffix.
Example : call : called (suffi
REFFERENCES
Parker, Frank.Linguistic for non-Linguists.London:Taylor & Francis Ltd.1986
Wikipedia.2012.Semantic.Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics.Accessed on 2 february 2012.
Wikipedia.2012.Lexicon.Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon.Accessed on 27
January 2012.
Wikipedia.2012.lexicon.availableon:http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lexicon.
Accessed on 2012.
Wikipedia.2011.Phonotactic.Available on:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactics.
Acessed on 8 December 2011.
Explain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
ReplyDeleteAnswer.com (2012) Phonotactic is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactic defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
Answer.com (2012) Lexicon has some specific meanings, and other meanings that may be a little more theoretical in nature. The lexicon is a list of all the words in a language; if it includes definitions, it is of course a dictionary. This is clear and seems precise, but when you consider words in any language, you soon realize that to include every single possible form of every imaginable word would be impossible. So the idea of lexicon becomes a little theoretical. It can be thought of as a list of all possible roots of a language, or all morphemes-- parts of words that contain no smaller meaningful parts-- that can stand alone or be combined with other parts to produce words. The word can also refer to the concept of a complete compendium of knowledge in a given area [itself an impossible and theoretical construct].
Wikipedia (2012) . Semantic is the study of meaning. It focuses on the relation between signifiers, such as words, phrases, signs and symbols, and what they stand for, their denotata.
Wikipidea (2012). Morphology (linguistics) is the study of the structure and content of word forms. That includes : derivational : happy : happiness.
Inflectional : buy : buying
References :
Answer.com(2012). Phonotatics. Available on:http://www.answers.com/topic/phonotactics#ixzz 1lt16G C 9M. accessed on: 9 february 2012.
Answer.com (2012). Lexicon. Available on: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_a_lexicon#ixzz 1lt3MEzYo. Accessed on :9 february 2012.
Wikipedia (2012). Semantics. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics. Accessed on: 9 february 2012.
Wikipedia (2012). Morphology. Available on; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology. Accessed on: 9 february 2012.
Phonotactics: is a branch of phonology that deals with restrictions in a language on the permissible combinations of phonemes. Phonotactics defines permissible syllable structure, consonant clusters, and vowel sequences by means of phonotactical constraints.
ReplyDeletePhonotactic constraints are language specific. For example, in Japanese, consonant clusters like /st/ do not occur. Similarly, the sounds /kn/ and /ɡn/ are not permitted at the beginning of a word in Modern English but are in German and Dutch, and were permitted in Old and Middle English.
Lexicon: In linguistics, the lexicon (or wordstock) of a language is its vocabulary, including its words and expressions
The lexicon is generally thought to be a static dictionary rather that a collection of rules. This dictionary contains both vocabulary organized in one or more ways (all the foods a person knows may be linked in a neural net, for example). The lexicon is also linked to a generative device which combine morphemes according to a language's rules. For example, the suffix "-able" can be added to transitive verbs only, so that we get "read-able" but not "cry-able".
Semantics: is the study of meaning. It is a wide subject within the general study of language. An understanding of semantics is essential to the study of language acquisition It is important for understanding language in social contexts. The study of semantics includes the study of how meaning is constructed, interpreted, clarified, obscured, illustrated, simplified negotiated, contradicted and paraphrased.
For example, in Middle English, the word "deer" meant "wild animal" or "beast", so the meaning of "We plan to hunt deer" has a different meaning then than it does now. As another example, the word "awful" originally meant "full of awe" instead of "frightful" or "very bad", so it also would have very different meanings depending on the context.
Morphology: is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology).
For example, English speakers recognize that the words dog and dogs are closely related — differentiated only by the plurality morpheme "-s", which is only found bound to nouns, and is never separate. They infer intuitively that dog is to dogs as cat is to cats; similarly, dog is to dog catcher as dish is to dishwasher, in one sense. The rules understood by the speaker reflect specific patterns, or regularities, in the way words are formed from smaller units and how those smaller units interact in speech.
References:
Wikipedia.org.2012. Phonotactics. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonotactics. Accessed on: february 10th,2012
Wikipedia.org. 2012.Morphology. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29. Accessed on: february 9th,2012
Jean, Aitchison. 2003. An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicon. Accessed on: february 10th,2012
Teachit.co.uk. 2012. Semantics. Available on: http://www.teachit.co.uk/armoore/lang/semantics.htm. Accessed on: february 10th,2012
Ljyoung13.2012. What are some examples of semantics?. Available on: /http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_some_examples_of_semantics. Accessed on: february 10th,2012
Semantics
ReplyDeleteSemantics is Semantics is the study of meaning expressed by elements of a language, characteriz99able as a symbolic system. Where the meaning are can be as denotation (really meaning) or connotation ( contrast meaning ).
Example : your dress is so nice today. From this statement, we can get the meaning depend on our perception. Is it denotation or conoation..
Morris, Charles F. W. (Editors) (1955).
Phonotactic
In all languages there are constraints on the way in which these phonemes can be arranged to form syllables. These constraints are sometimes known as phonotactic. Jonathan Harrington.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of the structure of words, of how morphemes operate in the process of derivational and inflectional. So, morphology is concerned with the forms of words themselves.”
Derivational is making new word by changing class of word. For example : adjective to verb (different become differenciate ).
Inflectional is changing the meaning of by adding affixes. For example : (book become books).
Booij, Geert. 2005. The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology. Oxford University Press.
Lexicon
Lexicon is the collection of word the internalized dictionary that every speaker of the language has. Example : write - wrote – written
Richard Nordquist
References:
Booij, Geert. 2005. The Grammar of Words.available on: http://www.englishindo.com/2011/02/morphology-pembukaan.html.access on 9 february 2012.
Morris Charles F. W.1955. International Encyclopedia of Unified Science.available on: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics.access on 7 february 2012
Nordquist Richard.about.com.guide.available on:http://grammar.about.com/od/il/g/lexiconterm.htm.access on 7 february 2012
Jonathan Harrington.available on: http://people.ku.edu/~mvitevit/PhonoProbHome.html.access on 7 february 2012.
Phonotactics is the basic form of phonological syntax, the basis for phonological parsing, in turn on of the main areas of computational phonology.
ReplyDeleteLexicon is a more technical term for a dictionary.
Semantics is the study of word meanings and the ways in which words are related to one another in our mental lexicon. It also includes the study of setential meaning in contemporary linguistics.
In linguistics, morphology is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of a given language's morphemes and other linguistic units, such as words, affixes, parts of speech, intonation/stress, or implied context (words in a lexicon are the subject matter of lexicology). It is used to identify meaningful units that appear to be separable parts of words.
Name: Putra Mahesa Satria
ReplyDeleteNim: 09250045
Number 3:
Fri Nov 28 02:24:58 MET 1997
Phonotactics is the basic form of phonological syntax, the basis for phonological parsing, in turn on of the main areas of computational phonology.
© 2012 Merriam-Webste
Definition of LEXICON
1 : a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions : dictionary
2a : the vocabulary of a language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a subject b : the total stock of morphemes in a language
Examples of LEXICON
1. a computer term that has entered the general lexicon
2.
9 Feb. 1998
Definition of SEMANTICS
1 : the study of meanings: a : the historical and psychological study and the classification of changes in the signification of words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development
Examples of SEMANTICS
1. More than semantics is at stake. In the case of obesity, the debate has heightened in the wake of major diet-pill recalls last year. Many new diet nostrums are in various stages of testing, and the FDA's bar for approving new drugs is lower for disease treatments than for other problems, such as baldness or skin wrinkles
Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language.
Reference :
http://www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Winter97/IntroCompPhon/compphon/node13.html
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lexicon
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-morphology.htm
Name: Putra Mahesa Satria
ReplyDeleteNim: 09250045
Number 3:
Fri Nov 28 02:24:58 MET 1997
Phonotactics is the basic form of phonological syntax, the basis for phonological parsing, in turn on of the main areas of computational phonology.
© 2012 Merriam-Webste
Definition of LEXICON
1 : a book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language and their definitions : dictionary
2a : the vocabulary of a language, an individual speaker or group of speakers, or a subject b : the total stock of morphemes in a language
Examples of LEXICON
1. a computer term that has entered the general lexicon
2.
9 Feb. 1998
Definition of SEMANTICS
1 : the study of meanings: a : the historical and psychological study and the classification of changes in the signification of words or forms viewed as factors in linguistic development
Examples of SEMANTICS
1. More than semantics is at stake. In the case of obesity, the debate has heightened in the wake of major diet-pill recalls last year. Many new diet nostrums are in various stages of testing, and the FDA's bar for approving new drugs is lower for disease treatments than for other problems, such as baldness or skin wrinkles
Morphology is a field of linguistics focused on the study of the forms and formation of words in a language.
Reference :
http://www.spectrum.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Winter97/IntroCompPhon/compphon/node13.html
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lexicon
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/semantics
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-morphology.htm
Explain about Phonotactics, Lexicon, Semantics and Morphology!
ReplyDeletePhonotactics
Phonotactics is the particular combination of letter sounds that are allowable within a given language. Each language, or even each dialect of a language, has its own set of rules that speakers stay within. Phonotactics is a branch of phonology, the study of the sound structures of languages, but also has applications in phonetics, the actual production of sound, in synthesized speech and language identification. A language's phonotactics is comprised of the sounds and placement of sounds that will be found in its words.
Lexicon
A lexicon is usually considered to be a container for words belonging to a single language.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic expressions. The language can be a natural language, such as English or Navajo, or an artificial language, like a computer programming language. Meaning in natural languages is mainly studied by linguists. In fact, semantics is one of the main branches of contemporary linguistics.
Morphology
Morphology is the study of morphemes, obviously.
Morphemes are words, word stems, and affixes, basically the unit of language one up from phonemes. Although they are often understood as units of meaning, they are usually considered a part of a language's syntax or grammar.
REFERENCES
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-phonotactics.htm
http://www.eecs.umich.edu/~rthomaso/documents/general/what-is-semantics.html
http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/morphology.html